Ana ndi akulu omwe amakonda kudya chimanga chotsekemera. Nthawi zonse pamakhala malo obzala mbewu, mwina ndi malire a tchinga kapena pakati pa tsambalo. Chachikulu ndikuti pali bedi loyatsidwa bwino ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa. Kuyambira wamaluwa ayenera kudzidziwitsa okha zaukadaulo waulimi asanayambe kubzala. Poganizira deralo, m'pofunika kusankha ngati musachite mantha ndi chisanu kumapeto kwa nyengo ndikubzala chimanga, onetsetsani kuti mukuganizira izi.
Ndi nthawi yanji yobzala chimanga m'chigawo cha Moscow, Siberia ndi Urals?
Simuyenera kuthamangira kubzala mbewu pamalo otseguka, sizimera m'malo ozizira. Kum'mwera kwa Russia, kubzala ku dachas kumayamba koyambirira kwa Meyi... Kudera lapakati ndi dera la Moscow, mawuwo amasinthidwa masabata 2-3. Mitundu yosazizira imathandizira kufesa koyambirira, komabe, kuteteza mphukira zazing'ono kuzizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiziphimba usiku. Ngati nyengo salola kuyamba kufesa, njira yogwiritsira ntchito mmera wokulitsira mbewu, yomwe imachitika ku Urals ndi Siberia, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Nyengo yaku Siberia imatha kupeza zipatso zakupsa kwa sera-mkaka; kucha kwathunthu sikuchitika chifukwa cha nyengo. Kubzala kumayamba kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena koyambirira kwa Juni. Akatswiri samalimbikitsa kuthira mbewu; ndikokwanira kutengapo chimanga chabwino. Ndipo kuti amere mphukira mwachangu, chivundikiro chakuda cha agrofibre chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimakopa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, zimapanga malo abwino kuti zikule.
Madeti ofikira ndiwosonyeza. Muyenera kuyamba kugwira ntchito poganizira kutentha kwa nthaka yomwe ikuwotha. Iyenera kukhala mkati mwa 10-12 ° C.
Kodi chomeracho chimatha kupirira chisanu ndipo chimapilira kutentha kotani masika?
South America ndi gawo lapakati la kontrakitala amawerengedwa kuti kwawo ndi chimanga, chomwe chikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chokonda kutentha. Obereketsawo amayenera kupanga zoyesayesa zambiri zoweta mitundu ndi haibridi zomwe sizigwirizana ndi chisanu... Mbewu zobzalidwa panja pomwe mbande zimapirira kutentha kochepa -1-2 ° C, ndipo ma hybrids ena mpaka -4 ° C. Izi ndizopambana, chifukwa kutentha kwambiri komwe mphukira imayamba ndi 12-18 ° C (zosachepera pazomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa 8-10 ° C).
Kukula kwa mbande kumasintha kutengera mtundu wa kutentha. Kuchepetsa kwachilengedwe kumatsimikizira kumera kwa mphukira m'masiku 18-20, pomwe pa 20 °, mphukira zimawonekera pamwamba pa nthaka masiku 5-8.
Mukamabzala mbewu za chimanga koyamba, muyenera kuyang'ana kutentha kwapamwezi pamwezi. Monga khoka lachitetezo, zophimba ziyenera kukonzedwa zomwe zingateteze mbande ku chisanu cha kasupe.
Momwe mungabzalidwe chimanga panja?
Kuti tikulitse mbeu yomwe tikufuna, tiyenera kutsatira malamulo amomwe tingakulire. Bzalani mbewu munthawi yake, mudzala mbande munthawi yake, kumbukirani kuti chimanga, monga aliyense wokhalamo m'munda, amawopa chisanu, sangathe kupirira (pambuyo pake, Siberia si Ukraine), komanso kumasula dziko lapansi ndikudyetsa chomeracho munthawi yake. Zimatengera momwe zidzakulira komanso zipatso zingati zochokera ku kanyumba kachilimwe zomwe zidzawonekere kunyumba.
Momwe mungamere mbewu ndi kumera mbande
Mutha kubzala mbewu pamalo otseguka ndi mbewu ndi mbande. Pofesa bwino mbewu za mbande kunyumba, makaseti (maselo okhala ndi voliyumu ya 45 cm2) kapena miphika ya peat (m'mimba mwake 12 cm) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotengera zimadzaza ndi nthaka yachonde, yosakanikirana mofanana ndi humus kapena kompositi. Kuchepetsa ntchito yothirira, hydrogel imawonjezeredwa munthaka wosakaniza. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere gawo la chinyezi, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa njira zothira mbande katatu.
M'chaka, musanafese, nyembazo ziyenera kuthiridwa, zimakhala mu nsalu yonyowa kwa masiku 5-7. Mukamaliza, mbewu zotupa zimayikidwa m'makontena okonzeka ndi masentimita 3-4 (zidutswa 3-4 zimayikidwa m'miphika, zidutswa ziwiri mukaseti).
Kumera kwa mbewu kumachedwa. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kuti kutentha kuzikhala koyenera komanso kuyatsa bwino.... Popanda kuwala kwachilengedwe, nyali zamasana zimayikidwa, motero zimakula msanga. Pambuyo popanga masamba 3-4 pamphukira, mphukira zofooka ziyenera kuchotsedwa, kusiya mbande zowoneka zolimba zokha. Sabata imodzi musanatumize mbande pamalo otseguka, ndikofunikira kuumitsa tsiku ndi tsiku kuti azolowere chilengedwe chawo.
Tikufika mchaka m'nthaka kwawo mchilimwe kanyumba, chiwembu
Kwa mabedi a chimanga, sankhani malo opanda shading. Chomeracho sichitha chilala, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu nyengo yokula ndikokwanira kwa dzuwa. Kugwirizana ndi chiwembu chobzala kumawerengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chimanga ndi mtundu wobala mungu. Pachifukwa ichi, bedi limapangidwa kuchokera m'mizere ingapo, apo ayi pakhoza kukhala mavuto ndi kuyendetsa mungu. Olima wamaluwa odziwa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:
- mizere yokhala ndi mbewu ziwiri pa bowo (mtunda pakati pa mabowo - 35 cm, mipata pakati - 45-50 cm);
- m'njira yokhotakhota (nthawi pakati pa zomera ndi masentimita 45 mbali zonse kapena mphukira 9 pa 1 m2).
Kukonzekera nthaka mdzikolo yolima mbewu
Malo ogona ayenera kutsukidwa mosamala, kuchotsa zotsalira zonse za udzu ndi namsongole. Ndi bwino kuchita izi kugwa, kuti pambuyo pokumba, mphutsi ndi tizirombo tiziwuma pa chisanu choyamba. Nthaka idzakhala yokonzeka kubzala chimanga ngati mbewu zambewu kapena dzungu, mbatata, kabichi zidalima patsogolo pake.
Manyowa owola ndi feteleza woyenera kwambiri.... Zida zamagetsi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa nthaka kukhala ndi micronutrients ndizoyeneranso. Dongosolo la nthaka liyenera kukhala lotayirira kuti mizu ikule bwino. Nthaka yolemera imadzipukutidwa ndi udzu wodulidwa kapena utuchi.
Dziko lapansi limamasulidwa koyamba, kenako malo amabowo amafotokozedwa. Kuzama kwa mbeu kumatsimikizika poganizira zinthu ziwiri: kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha dothi komanso momwe mbewu zimakhalira (zowuma kapena kumera). Mbewu zotupa zimaphatikizidwa munthaka yonyowa komanso yotentha mpaka 3 cm, youma - pofika 5-6 cm.
Kukula kwa chikhalidwe chilichonse kumathandizidwa makamaka poyandikira mbewu zina. Otsatirawa ndi oyenera chimanga: nkhaka, maungu, nyemba ndi nyemba zina. Ngati yabzalidwa pakati pa mizere, monga nkhaka, ndikofunikira kusiya malo okwanira kuti masamba onse azidyetsedwa mokwanira.
Kusamalira mutabzala kuti musaope chisanu
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti chimanga ndi chomera chodzichepetsa chomwe chimafuna kupalira kokha. Komabe, sichoncho. Kuti mupeze zokolola zabwino ndi makutu ndi kukoma kwabwino, muyenera kutsatira malamulo osamalitsa.
Kuthirira
Chimanga chimakonda chinyezi, chimatha kuyamwa mpaka malita 4 patsiku. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti mundawo uyenera kudzazidwa. Kudula madzi kumachedwetsa kukula kwa mizu, kumasintha mtundu wa masamba (utoto wofiirira umawonekera). Izi zimawopseza zokolola za mbeu, motero kuthirira kuyenera kuchitidwa poganizira kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha nthaka. Mulingo woyenera wa nthaka ndi 70-80%. Pakuthirira, 1-2 malita amadzi amatenthedwa pachitsamba chilichonse. Ngati sizingatheke kuthirira madzi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti nthawi ndi nthawi muzimasula nthaka. Njirayi imadziwika kuti ulimi wothirira wouma. Kumasuka kumathandiza kuti dothi lisaume. Koma njira yabwino yosungira chinyezi m'mabedi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yothirira.
Zakumwa zamagetsi ndizosiyana pagawo lirilonse la chitukuko chomera. Mutabzala mbande, kuthirira pang'ono kudzafunika, mutapanga masamba 7, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumawonjezeka mpaka 1.5 malita pa chitsamba chilichonse. Ulusi wazitsamba utayamba kuda, kuthirira kumachitika pafupipafupi kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amachepetsedwa.
Kupalira, kumasula
Kupalira kumalepheretsa kukhathamira kwa mabedi, komwe kumakopa tizirombo, kumabweretsa zinthu zabwino pakukula kwa matenda. Chifukwa chake, namsongole wophuka amachotsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi pamalowo.
Ndizomveka kuphatikiza njirayi ndi kumasula nthaka ndi kuphika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti dothi likhale lokwanira mpweya, kulola mpweya wabwino kudyetsa zigawo zakuya. Ndi chisamaliro ichi, mizu imakula bwino, chitetezo chazomera chimalimbikitsidwa. Tsinde likamamera, chimanga chimakhala cholimba, chomwe chimalola kupirira mphepo yamkuntho ndi mvula yambiri.
Zovala zapamwamba
Kuphatikiza pa kuthira feteleza panthaka yokonzekera mabedi, ndikofunikira kudyetsa mbewu. Izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwa masamba obiriwira nthawi yonse yokula. Kudyetsa kowonjezera kumayambitsidwa magawo angapo, ndipo michere ya iliyonse ya iwo imafotokozedwa mosamalitsa.
Kudya koyamba kumakhala ndi slurry kapena yankho la zitosi za mbalame, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tsamba lachinayi pamphukira. Pambuyo pa masabata 2-3, chakudya chachiwiri chimayambitsidwa, chophatikizapo 20 g wa ammonium nitrate, 20 g wa mchere wa potaziyamu, 40 g wa superphosphate pa 1 m2. Pambuyo pa masamba 7-8, chomeracho chimafuna zakudya ndi zinc, boron, mkuwa ndi manganese.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza, simuyenera kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa mchere kumakhalanso kowopsa kwa mphukira, monganso kuperewera kwawo.
Ulimi ukadaulo wa chimanga ndi wosavuta. Imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira chidwi ndi kayendedwe ka kutentha, komwe kumawasamalira kumapangitsa kuti zomera zizomera.