Aliyense amene amalima tomato patsamba lawo adakumana ndi masamba achikaso kamodzi kapena kamodzi pamoyo wawo. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri zokolola za mbeu, chifukwa chake vutoli liyenera kuthetsedwa nthawi yomweyo. Kenako, tifotokoza zomwe zimayambitsa mawanga achikasu pa mbande za phwetekere ndi njira zothanirana ndi matendawa.
Zimayambitsa mawanga achikasu pa mbande za phwetekere
Masamba achikaso a tomato ndi chizindikiro choti chomeracho chili ndi nkhawa.
Amapezeka mu tomato chifukwa cha:
- chisamaliro chosayenera;
- matenda.
Pali mitundu yambiri yachikasu:
- masamba angapo achikaso otsika. Izi zimachitika mukamaika tomato. Masamba apansi amatha kupiringa ndikuuma.
- masamba achikaso okhala ndi utoto wabuluu. Chifukwa chake ndi hypothermia.
- masamba achikasu mwachangu pansi pa chitsamba. Izi ndi zizindikiro za mizu yowonongeka.
Kusamalira bwino
Kusamalira molakwika kumatha kuphatikiza zolakwika mu:
- kuthirira;
- kumasula;
- kuyatsa;
- mavalidwe apamwamba.
Kulephera kutsatira njira yothirira kumatha kubweretsa masamba opindika, achikasu, ogwa. Zomera zimafota ngakhale kufa. Chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika? Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kapena kusowa kwa madzi. Tomato amafunika kuthirira, koma kawirikawiri kuthirira. Panja osapitilira kawiri pa sabata. Voliyumu - 5 malita pachitsamba chimodzi. Zabwino kwambiri musanadye nkhomaliro.
Osayika zidebe ndi madzi mu wowonjezera kutentha. Amapanga chinyezi chowonjezera.
Kusowa kwa mchere
Masamba achikaso amatha kuchitika chifukwa chosowa mchere:
- ndi kusowa kwa nayitrogeni, zomera zonse zimadetsedwa;
- mkuwa - palibe mawanga, koma chitsamba chonse chimataya mtundu;
- sulfure - masamba amasanduka achikasu, amakhala olimba;
- magnesium - mawanga ang'onoang'ono;
- manganese - chikasu chachangu, kuvunda;
- phosphorous - wachikasu pamwamba.
Kutsegula kumachitika kuti michere ikhale ndi mpweya wabwino. Nthawi zambiri, kumasula kwambiri kumatha kuwononga mizu. Kuzama - osaposa 10 cm.
Kuunikira kolakwika
Kuunikira kolakwika - Chifukwa china masamba achikasu. Kupsa ndi dzuwa kumayambitsa mawanga oyera. Pa masiku otentha, otentha, tchire, mbande ziyenera kutenthedwa.
Masamba a phwetekere sayenera kuthiriridwa. Izi zingayambitse kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo
Matenda okhudza tomato atha kukhala:
- mafangasi;
- cladoporia (wachikasu-bulauni, mawanga abulauni);
- fusarium (wobiriwira wachikasu, wopindika, masamba aulesi);
- choipitsa mochedwa (mawanga abulauni);
- imvi zowola (mawanga abulauni, chikwangwani chofiirira);
- bakiteriya;
- khansa ya bakiteriya (mawanga oyera okhala ndi malo akuda);
- kachilombo;
- kachilombo ka fodya (mtundu wa mosaic, wokhala ndi mitundu yobiriwira yakuda ndi yobiriwira);
- Vuto lopiringa (chikasu kuzungulira m'mbali mwa tsamba).
Masamba oyamba achikaso akaonekera, ayenera kuchotsedwa.
M'nyumba zosungira, malo obiriwira, pamakhala mavuto ambiri ndi tomato. Pali chinyezi chambiri, kutentha kwa mpweya - zinthu zabwino kwambiri pakukula kwa matenda. Choncho, kuthirira - osati kamodzi pa sabata.
Chifukwa masamba a phwetekere amafota ndikufa
Zomwe zimayambitsa masamba othothoka:
- kusatsata mfundo zaulimi;
- matenda.
Kusamalira bwino mbewu kumakhala ndi:
- kubzala wandiweyani;
- malo osayenera;
- osakwanira, kuchuluka kwa madzi;
- Nthaka yosankhidwa bwino;
- kusowa, kuchuluka kwa dzuwa;
- kutenthedwa, kutentha thupi;
- mumlengalenga chinyezi;
- zojambula;
- Kudyetsa mosayenera.
Ndi kubzala kowirira kwa mbande, zimaphimbirana. Pali mpikisano wadzuwa. Tchire latambasulidwa. Mizu imatha. Pali kulimbana kwa madzi ndi michere. Zotsatira zake ndi chitsamba chaulesi. Matenda akuda amatha.
Matenda a fungus Fusarium amachititsa kufota kwa masamba a phwetekere. Poterepa, mizu imatenga mtundu wofiyira, masamba amasanduka achikasu. Matenda atha kugonjetsedwa koyambirira kwa chitukuko. Ngati chitsamba sichingachiritsidwe, chikuyenera kuchotsedwa, kuwotchedwa. Kulima.
Ndi madzi okwanira pazomera, ali munthawi ya turgor. Kuperewera kumawapangitsa kuzimiririka. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumatha kubweretsa kuvunda kwa muzu, mwendo wakuda.
Kuunikira bwino ndikofunikira. Kuwala kumafunika pa photosynthesis. Mukamabzala mbande kumayambiriro kwa wowonjezera kutentha, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa kowonjezera - nyali za fulorosenti. Koma osayatsa chomeracho masana. Zina mwazomera zimachitika mumdima wokha.
Ngati mbewu zili wowonjezera kutentha, kutentha kwa mpweya masana sikuyenera kupitirira 28zaC, usiku - 18zaC. Mulingo woyenera - 24 - 26zaC. Pa kutentha kwa 38 - 40zaMasamba a C amayamba kugwa. Nthawi zonse mpweya wabwino umafunika.
Tomato amakonda kutentha. Kuzizira kumatha kuyambitsa masamba othothoka. Kutentha kosakwana 15za C satenga phosphorous, pa 10za C ndi nayitrogeni.Kuvala pamwamba pa tchire kuyenera kukhala koyenera.
Momwe mungachiritse zomera mu wowonjezera kutentha
Ngati tomato ataya, masamba asanduka achikasu, gawo loyamba ndikukhazikitsa zomwe zayambitsa. Nthawi zina kusintha kwakukula kungathandize kuthana ndi mavuto. Zimayenera kusintha mulingo wothirira, kudyetsa, kuwunikira, kutentha.
Masamba achikasu ayenera kuchotsedwa, apo ayi chomeracho chitha kuyamba kugwa ndikufa.Ngati palibe chosowa, muyenera kuyidyetsa ndi feteleza woyenera. Mwachitsanzo, nayitrogeni kufa ndi njala kumachotsedwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi urea.
Pakutenthedwa ndi dzuwa, muchepetse kuchuluka kwa dzuwa. Pankhani ya mbande, mutha kuwaphimba ndi pepala, ndikuphimba mazenera nawo. Pankhani ya nthaka yosasankhidwa bwino, kuthira madzi m'nthaka, tomato amayenera kukumbidwa ndikuyika malo oyenera, apo ayi mbande zimayamba kuvunda ndikutha.
Ngati chifukwa chake sichingakhazikike, tomato amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi mkuwa sulphate (70 - 80 magalamu pa 10 malita a madzi).
Tomato omwe amakhudzidwa ndi matenda, tizirombo tiyenera kuthandizidwa ndikukonzekera koyenera. Chotsani tchire lokha. Kutentha. Pofuna kukonza malo, zida zogwirira ntchito, zovala za mlimi.
Kupewa kufota ndi utoto wa tomato pawindo
Pofuna kupewa mavuto ndi mbande, muyenera kudziwa momwe zinthu zikulira. Zochita zoyenera zokha ndi zomwe zingathandize wamaluwa kuthana ndi mavuto omwe abwera.
Zofunikira pakulima tomato:
- nthaka yowonongeka, yosalowerera ndale;
- masana maola osachepera 12;
- kuchuluka kwa feteleza;
- kutentha, mpweya wouma;
- mpweya wabwino;
- kuthirira pang'ono.
Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimatsutsana ndi tomato:
- kuzizira;
- chinyezi chokwanira cha dothi, mpweya;
- nthaka yolemera, yowuma;
- kubzala wandiweyani wa tchire;
- kutentha kwa mpweya;
- feteleza wochuluka.
Monga njira yodzitetezera, muyenera kumasula pansi nthawi zonse pansi pa tchire. Izi zimathandizira kukulitsa mizu ndi mpweya. Madzi samangokhala pansi pa tomato.
Mukamabzala, tikulimbikitsidwa kugula mitundu ya phwetekere yolimbana ndi matenda, tizirombo... Mbewu, nthaka, zotengera pobzala, zida zogwirira ntchito koyambirira kwa nyengo ziyenera kukonzedwa.
Mtunda pakati pa mbande ndi osachepera masentimita 40. Kutengera mitundu. Pakukhazikitsa wowonjezera kutentha, wowonjezera kutentha amayenera kupereka mpweya wabwino. Zimayenera kupanga kasinthasintha ka mbeu chaka chilichonse. Tomato amatha kubzalidwa pamalo amodzimodzi zaka 3 mpaka 4 zokha mutabzala.
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ndikofunikira kukonza wowonjezera kutentha, wowonjezera kutentha wokhala ndi mabomba a sulfa. Izi zachitika kuti awononge tiziromboti, tizirombo ndi matenda (dzimbiri, njenjete).
Tomato sayenera kubzalidwa m'nthaka momwe ma nightshade ena amakula.
Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri zofufutira, madontho achikaso pa tomato. Kuyambira kukalamba kwachilengedwenso, kuziika ndikudwala kwambiri. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, kutsatira njira zodzitetezera, mavuto onsewa amatha kupewedwa. Kugwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zonse zaukadaulo waulimi kumampatsa dimba zokolola zochuluka ndikuthandizira kupulumutsa zokolola.