Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa kulima kwa mulard kudayamba mu 1960 ku France. Mulard ndi haibridi wolowera nyama, wopezeka podutsa ma drake a musky bakha (Indo-bakha) ndi abakha a Peking.
Mtundu wosakanizidwa udapangidwa kuti ukongoletse machitidwe amtundu wamakolo kuti upeze munthu watsopano wabwino. Mulard sangapezeke kuthengo, samaberekana okha ndipo amakulira kunyumba kokha pokhapokha munthu atachita.
Kufotokozera za mtundu wa mbalame
Mulards ndi akulu mbalame zamtundu woyera ndi banga lakuda pamutu, ndichifukwa cha khalidweli kuti wosakanizidwa ndiosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi abakha ena. Akuluakulu ndi akulu kuposa makolo awo (Peking ndi Muscovy bakha). Torso wandiweyani, wopota, womangidwa bwino, wolumikizidwa, wamapiko olimba bwino. Mutu sing'anga, mulomo wopepuka, wolunjika, maso amdima, khosi lalitali. Miyendo yayifupi wachikasu, mchira wawung'ono.
Mulard samabala, choncho, abakhawa sagwiritsidwa ntchito pobereketsa. Nthawi zina ma drake amakhala ogonana, ndipo abakha amaikira mazira, koma chifukwa choti sangapezeke popanda ana obereketsa, izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro ndi zoyesa zambiri. Ma hybrids amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha mafuta abwino kwambiri, otsika kwambiri (kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi 3% yokha) nyama, monga mkaka wa Indo, wopanda fungo linalake, ndi chiwindi chachikulu chamafuta chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mbale yophika nyama ya foie gras. Poyerekeza ndi abakha a Peking, mulardy ndi odekha, osapanga phokoso komanso oyera.
Zotsekera ndi kusamalira
Mulards ndi oyenera kusamalira mafakitale komanso nyumba. M'mafakitale wosakanizidwa amakula mnyumba zapadera za nkhuku zokhala ndi njira zonse zofunikira ndi matekinoloje. Abakha amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kunenepetsa, ndipo ma drake amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza chiwindi. Mabizinesiwa amagwiritsa ntchito nkhuku pansi ndi pakhola.
Kukula m'minda yanyumba mulard sichimasiyana ndi zomwe abakha amitundu ina ndi mitanda imachita. M'nyengo yotentha, zimapindulitsa ndalama kuti mbalamezi zizikhala ndi operekera chakudya ndi omwera. Usiku, abakhawo amalowetsedwa m'khola ndikutseka. Mulard samasiyidwa nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa sioyenera kuswana, ndipo munyengoyi mutha kukonzekera bakha kuti aphedwe ndi bakha. Chifukwa chakukula motere, sipafunikira nyumba zazikulu komanso zotetezedwa bwino. Kuti musamalire bwino mulard chipinda chophweka chokhala ndi pansi chabwino komanso chopanda mabowo amphaka ndi nyama zina zolowa ndikokwanira. Pasakhale zofunikira mu khola. Kumbali yakumwera, dzenje limapangidwa mnyumba, bowo pamwamba pake liyenera kukhala masentimita 5-8 ndikutsekedwa mwamphamvu ndi chitseko. Nyumba ya nkhuku iyenera kumangidwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa abakha pa 1 sq. m 3 mitu. Paulendo Mbalameyo imayenera kukhala yomasuka, chifukwa chake 1 mita imodzi imaperekedwa kwa mutu umodzi. m dera. Pofuna kudyetsa, gwiritsani ntchito odyetsa apadera otalika 110 cm ndi 23 cm mulifupi mbalame zazikulu, komanso nyama zazing'ono 100x14.5. onani Gawo limapangidwa pamwamba pa odyetsa kuti mbalame zisamwazitse chakudya. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito akumwa mawere akumwa madzi.
Kutentha kwa nyumba ayenera kukhala 16-18 ° C, ndi chinyezi cha 60-70%. Chophimba pansi chimapangidwa ndi utuchi, zometa kapena udzu. Nyumbayo iyenera kutsukidwa nthawi zonse ndi mpweya wokwanira.
Makhalidwe a akulu: kulemera kwa ma drake ndi abakha
Mulard kulemera - 4-7 makilogalamu. Kusiyana kwa kulemera pakati pa ma drakes ndi bakha ndi ma g 500 okha. M'miyezi itatu mbalame imapeza 4 kg. Ndikulima kwakanthawi, misa imafika makilogalamu 7, pafupifupi ngati kulemera kwa tsekwe. Chiwindi misa mulard 500-550 g. Chakudya chambiri patsiku 340 g.
Kuti mupeze mulards, mutha kuwoloka mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Drakes a abakha a musky ophatikizana ndi abakha a Peking, abakha a Rouen, abakha a Orgpington, ndi Allies. Chifukwa cha mitanda yotereyi, anapiye a bakha amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Kudyetsa ndi kuswana
Kuyambira mulard wosabereka, ndiye abakha a musk ndi a Peking amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza ankhandwe. Kuti tipeze mulards, mabanja amapangidwa kuchokera ku 1 musky drake ndi abakha a 4-6 Peking. Zaka zabwino kwambiri zokwatirana ndi miyezi 7-10. Abakha amayamba kuikira dzirandipo masiku 180-210. Pafupifupi mazira 15-20 amayikidwa pansi pa nkhuku.
CHOFUNIKA! Kutseguka kwa anapiye pansi pa nkhuku ya ana ndi 60%, ndipo mu chofungatira ndi pafupifupi 100%, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kopindulitsa komanso kosafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chofungatira.
Ngakhale kuti mtunduwo umasiyanitsidwa ndi kudzichepetsa komanso kukhwima koyambirira, zinthu zina ziyenera kuganiziridwa mukamaswana. Bakha akayamba kuoneka, amakhala okonzeka malo okhala... Kutengera kuchuluka kwa anapiye, iyi ikhoza kukhala bokosi kapena chipinda chonse. Nyansi kapena udzu zimayalidwa pansi. Pazachilengedwe, anapiye amalandira kutentha kuchokera kwa amayi awo, ndipo m'malo opangira zinthu zina, zimayikidwanso. MU masiku oyamba a moyo nyumbayo iyenera kupatsidwa kutentha, kutentha m'nyumba 28-30 ° C, patapita masiku angapo amachepetsedwa kukhala 23 ° C. Kuyatsa imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'masiku oyambirira ndipo imathandiza anapiye kuti azolowere kunja. Masiku oyamba, kuyatsa kuyenera kukhala kotentha. Anawo atakula pang'ono, kuyatsa kumachepetsedwa mpaka maola 15-17 patsiku.
Pa tsiku loyamba atabadwa, abakha sangadye okha, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwadyetsa zida zapaderakugulitsidwa m'masitolo owona zanyama. Mulard amayamba kudya kwa masiku 2-3. Akaswanawo ataswa ndi kuuma, amawotchera njira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate... Chakudya choyamba ndi dzira lophika kwambiri komanso lodulidwa bwino. Kuyambira tsiku la 10, tirigu wosweka bwino amawonjezeredwa ku zakudya. Kuyambira masiku 10 zakubadwa mulards amadyetsedwa kawiri patsiku. Kuyambira masabata awiri ndikofunikira kupereka duckweed. Chofunikira pakudyetsa ankhandwe ndi chakudya cha nyama ndi mafupa ndi chinangwa. Kuti thupi likhale ndi calcium, zipolopolo zosweka zimaphatikizidwira ku zakudya. Amphaka amafunika Dyetsani ndi zosakaniza za mchere: choko, miyala yamwala ndi miyala ya chipolopolo. Pofuna kukonza kagayidwe kake, abakha amapatsidwa miyala. Ankhamba ayenera kukhala ndi madzi oyera nthawi zonse. Ngati ndi kotheka, monga chowonjezera, amaloledwa kupatsa kanyumba tchizi wokwanira 1 gramu pamutu.
CHOFUNIKA! Mulard samangokhala ndi chakudya chochepa, chifukwa samakonda kudzikundikira mafuta, ndipo mukamadyetsa kwambiri, minofu yokha imakula.
Zakudya zazing'ono ayenera kukhala ndi 20% protein, 1 kg ya chakudya imapatsa mphamvu 2800 kcal yamphamvu. Pambuyo masabata atatu, njira yodyetsera imasankhidwa: yolimba, yayikulu komanso yolimbitsa thupi.
Ukadaulo waluso ndi kudyetsa pellets, yomwe imayenera kukhala ndi mapuloteni osachepera 17%. Tekinoloje yakulimbikira imachokera pakudya ndi granular, yonyowa komanso chakudya chochuluka. Mwa njira yochulukirapo, roughage ndi tirigu zimadyetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera. Kuyambira milungu 5-6 mbalame zimamasulidwa kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto. Kupha kumachitika miyezi 3-4, pomwe mulards amakwaniritsa kulemera kwake.
Foie gras kudyetsa mulard
Madontho onenepa kupeza mafuta chiwindi tichipeza 3 masitepe. M'masabata atatu oyambilira amoyo, anapiye amadyetsedwa m'njira yanthawi zonse. Kenako mbalameyo amaikidwa m'makola ang'onoang'ono kuti asamayende kwambiri. Kwa milungu inayi yotsatira, anapiyewa amadyetsedwa chakudya chambiri komanso chomanga thupi, chomwe chimathandiza kuti mbalameyo ikule mwachangu kwambiri. Kuyambira masabata 8-10 zakubadwa, gawo lokakamiza kudyetsa limayamba. Chakudyacho chimakankhidwa pakhosi pogwiritsa ntchito kagwere kokhala ndi chubu, motero mbalameyo imalandira tirigu 1.8 kg patsiku. Kukakamizidwa kudya Imatha masiku 12-21.
KUDZIWA KUDZIWA: Chiwindi cha mulards chomwe chimadyetsedwa ndi foie gras chimakula kakhumi kuposa kukula kwake.
Matenda abakha pakulera
Mulards ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo Zimphona zosagonjetsedwa ndi matenda... Amalekerera kuzizira komanso kutentha kwambiri. Ndi chakudya choyenera, mbalameyo imakula msanga ndipo samavutika ndi mavitamini. Koma, ngakhale ali ndi mikhalidwe yabwino, ma mulard amatengeka ndi matenda ena, omwe amafotokozedwa pansipa.
Aspergillosis
Mbalameyi imadwala matendawa popumira macheka, omwe amakhala ndi bowa womwe umamera muudzu ndi nkhumba zakale. Pa milandu 50%, imachitika. Zizindikiro: ulesi, kusowa chakudya, kusanza, kupuma mofulumira, kutuluka m'mphuno ndi ziwalo za miyendo ndi mapiko zimawoneka mgawo lomaliza. Pofuna kuchiza aspergillosis, madzi samathiridwa ndi madzi osakanikirana kwambiri, koma nystatin imawonjezeredwa pachakudya.
Kukudula nthenga
Limodzi mwa mavuto ovuta a mulard ndikutolera nthenga. Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa cha chidwi kusowa kwa mapuloteni mthupi kapena mikhalidwe yovuta yomangidwa. M'dera laling'ono, lauve komanso lopanda mpweya wabwino, nthenga za mbalame zimangokhala zodetsa, zomwe zimapangitsa abakha kuti azidziyeretsa nthawi zambiri. Pofuna kupewa kukokolola, m'pofunika kulinganiza magawo azinthu zonse zazikuluzikulu komanso kutsatira miyezo yaukhondo mnyumba ya nkhuku.
Cloacite
Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa chosowa mavitamini. Nembanemba mucous limapezeka pa cloaca wa bakha, ndipo mafinya akhoza kuonekera pa siteji pang`onopang`ono. Chithandizo, Choyamba, amatsuka ma cloaca, mafuta am'mimbamo ndi yankho la ayodini ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a zinc. Ngati matendawa amapezeka nthawi yoyamba, ndiye kuti bakha sadzavutika ndipo famu yanu siyidzapwetekedwa.
Ubwino ndi zovuta za mtunduwo
Ubwino
Ukhondo. Wosakanizidwa amasiyanitsidwa ndi ukhondo wake komanso mawonekedwe ake, chifukwa cha malowa, fluff yawo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani.
Khalani wodekha. Mosiyana ndi abakha a Peking, ma mulard samveka mokweza, amakhala modekha ndipo musakwiyitse obereketsawo ndi phokoso lokhazikika.
Kukula msanga. Mulard amafulumira kulemera ndi kudyetsa koyenera, monga abakha ena, ndipo ali ndi miyezi 3-4 kupita kokaphedwa.
Makhalidwe apamwamba a nyama. Akazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakunenepa. Nyama ya Mulard imakhala yopepuka, chifukwa pakukula kwake mbalameyi imangodziunjikira minofu yokha. Nyama ilibe fungo linalake, ndiyofewa komanso yokoma.
Foye garasi. Ndi chiwindi cha mulard chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphikira mbale yabwino kwambiri ya foie gras. Kuti mupeze ma foie gras, ndi ma drake okha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito; panthawi yamafuta, chiwindi chimafika 500-550 g
Kudzichepetsa. Mulards safuna chisamaliro chapadera, kukonza kwawo kumakhala kotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa abakha wamba. Zing'onoting'ono zimazolowera nyengo yozizira komanso yotentha.
Zovuta
Simungapeze mwana. Popeza mulards ndi hybrids, nyama zazing'ono sizingapezeke kwa iwo, chifukwa chake, pobzala, ndikofunikira kuwoloka bakha wa musky ndi Peking nthawi iliyonse.
Samalekerera chinyezi. Izi ndizovuta, koma ndibwino kusunga mulardov m'makola owuma kuti muteteze matenda osiyanasiyana.
Kuswana mulard kunyumba ndizosavutakuposa bakha wanthawi zonse. Mutha kugula mazira ndikuwayika mu chofungatira kapena kugula anyezi nthawi yomweyo. Zosavuta nyengoyo bakha wathunthu amakula, yomwe imatha kudulidwa kale kugwa. Pali nyama yambiri ndipo ndiyotsika mafuta, ndibwino kuidula pakatha miyezi 4, sizingakhale zomveka kuyisunganso, ndipo bakha likhala lolimba. Zakudya za Mulard sizidya kuposa Peking bakha, koma zimakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo nyama imakhala yayikulu. Palibe chifukwa chomangira nyumba zopangira ndalama m'nyengo yozizira: nthawi yachilimwe ndidagula bakha, ndipo kugwa ndidawapha ndipo palibe vuto. Kuphatikiza kwakukulu ndiko kulemera komweko kwa abakha ndi ma drakes, osati kuti mumitundu ina yamphongo ndi yayikulu, koma mwa mkazi palibe choti muwone. Mulard ndiyabwino kukulira kunyumba: yachangu, yotsika mtengo komanso yokoma.
Mulardy ali, mwina, zabwino kwambiri bakha wosakanizidwa. Aliyense amadziwa za nyama zawo komanso kunenepa mwachangu munthawi yochepa. Abakhawa ndi odzichepetsa kwambiri ndipo amakhala mwamtendere pabwalo. Abakha kulemera kwake osasiyana ndi ma drakes... Mtundu uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chiwindi chachikulu cha foie gras. Samadziberekera okha, koma ili ndi vuto laling'ono, nthawi zonse mumatha kugula anapiye kapena mazira kuti azisakaniza. Ndipo ngati pali mwayi ndi nthawi, ndiye kuti m'mafamu othandizira mabanja a Peking musk abakha amapangidwa ndipo ndi chithandizo chawo chaka chilichonse mutha kupeza ana a mulard. Mulard - iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akufuna kulandira nyama yabwino kwambiri komanso yowonda.