Mbatata ndi yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa ma gourmets apamwamba kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale uwu ndi masamba wosavuta womwe si wachilendo, nawonso sungasangalatse okhalamo nthawi yachilimwe, chifukwa umagwidwa ndi matenda omwe amatha kuchepetsa zokolola.
Matenda ambiri a mbatata ndi njira zothanirana nawo
Komanso, tikambirana za matenda ndi tizilombo tofala kwambiri omwe amakonda kupindula ndi mbatata komanso momwe angathetsere msanga.
Choipitsa cham'mbuyo
Choipitsa cham'mbuyo ndi amodzi mwa matenda obisika kwambiri, Zomwe zitha kuwononga 15% yazakudya zonse za mbatata.
Maonekedwe ake amayamba chifukwa cha bowa wotsika monga oomycetes. Ngati tizilombo topezeka m'nthaka, ndiye kuti mwayi wopeza matendawa ndiwokwera kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, bowa ngati awa amakonda chinyezi, chifukwa mvula yachilimwe ndi kutentha kuposa madigiri 15 zithandizira kufalikira kwawo.
Sikovuta konse kuzindikira zizindikiro zakumapeto kwa choipitsa, chifukwa masamba amayamba kukhala akuda, ndipo kuchokera pansi mutha kuwona zipatso zoyera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa bowa.
Chovuta chake ndichakuti mphepo ndi madzi amvula zimatha kufalitsa mabalawo mosavuta pabwalo. Mitunduyi imakhala yakuda ndipo imawopseza tchire loyandikana nalo.
Pofuna kupewa matenda, muyenera kutsatira malangizo awa:
- mbatata ziyenera kubzalidwa pamalo amodzi osapitilira zaka zitatu zotsatizana;
- ndibwino kutera kuchigwa, komanso pamalo opanda dzuwa komanso mpweya wokwanira;
- ayenera sungani mtunda pakati pa tchire;
- osabzala mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa kale;
- musanadzalemo, mbatata ziyenera kuti zouma bwino mumlengalenga kutentha kwa madigiri 18 kwa milungu iwiri;
- kotero kuti ma tubers amalimbana ndi matenda, amakonzedwa Immunocytophyte kapena Agatom-25K.
Mitundu yamba ya nkhanambo
Mbatata imakhalanso ndi mitundu itatu ya nkhanambo: wakuda, powdery ndi silvery.
Nkhanambo wakuda
Monga momwe amatchedwanso rosoctoniasis, imatha kubweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa okhalamo nthawi yotentha. Matendawa amakhudza tubers ndi nsonga.
Kumayambiriro koyamba, nkhanambo ikhoza siyani kukula mbatata, ndipo popita nthawi, chikhalidwe chidzafanso. Matendawa amadziwika ngati mawanga akuda omwe amafanana ndi zilonda.
Zinthu zabwino kwambiri zakukula kwa nkhanambo ndikutentha kwambiri komanso kutentha kwa mpweya osachepera madigiri 18.
Momwe mungachotsere matenda a rosoctonia, mudzalimbikitsidwa ndi malangizo awa:
- osabzala ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo pansi;
- osabzala pamalo amodzi kwa zaka zingapo motsatizana.
- ngati dothi lakhudzidwa ndi nkhanambo yakuda, ndiye zimatsatira sungani zinthu zobzala ndi Kutchuka kapena Maxim.
Mphamvu
Amapatsanso masamba ndi tubers. Zilonda zofiira zimawoneka pa mbatata, zomwe pamapeto pake zimawononga chomeracho. Matendawa amafalitsidwa ndi mpweya kapena ma humus, kapena ndowe za nkhuku.
Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, njira yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito, pokonzekera zomwe amatenga:
- 10 malita a madzi;
- 3% ya bulichi;
- 5% mkuwa sulphate.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kuthirira 300 ml pachitsamba chilichonse.
Chitsulo
Matenda obisalira omwe amatha kuyanika tsinde kapena tuber palokha. Zimadziwonetsera ngati mawonekedwe a silvery omwe amatha kuphimba pafupifupi 50% yapansi.
Matenda omwe amayenera kutentha kwa madigiri atatu a Celsius ndi chinyezi cha mpweya osachepera 80%. Ndipo ma spores amakhala mu tubers kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa amalekerera ngakhale kuzizira.
Polimbana ndi matendawa, zida monga:
- Zolemba, Amathandizidwa ndi tubers masiku atatu asanadzalemo ndikuuma bwino padzuwa.
- Quadris, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku chomeracho mutangotsala pang'ono kubzala.
L-kachilombo
L virus ndi imodzi mwamagawo obisika kwambiri, omwe amakhudza pafupifupi 30% ya mbatata. Pali njira ziwiri zofalitsira kachilomboka: nsabwe za m'masamba komanso kukhudzana ndi zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka.
Zizindikiro za matenda zimadalira zosiyanasiyana komanso kukula zinthu. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala makwinya, zilema, kapena masamba obwerera.
Kuthetsa kachilomboka, muyenera:
- osagwiritsa ntchito ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo ngati chodzala;
- kuchita nkhondo mosalekeza ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi cicadas, momwe njira zina monga Aktara ndi Karate Zeon.
Mphungu
Chingwe cha waya, chotupa cha kachilomboka, chimakhalanso chovuta kwa wamaluwa. Mu Epulo, kachilomboka kamauluka ndikuikira mazira m'nthaka, chifukwa chake palibe malo omwe sangakhudzidwe nawo. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuwongolera anthu ake, apo ayi zitha kubweretsa mavuto.
Mbatata zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi kachilombo ka waya sizingasungidwe kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa imayamba kuvunda mwachangu.
Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri nyongolotsi ndi rhizome ya grassgrass, nkhalango zowirira komanso nthaka ya acidic.
Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa kafadala, muyenera kutsatira malamulo awa:
- ndikofunikira kusintha malo obwera pambuyo pa zaka zitatu zilizonse;
- masika ndi nthawi yophukira, muyenera kukumba nthaka kuti muphe mphutsi;
- musasiye nsonga ndi tubers m'nyengo yozizira pamalopo, popeza athandizapo nyongolotsi ndi mphutsi kupirira nyengo yozizira bwino;
- Zomera ziyenera kubzalidwa m'munda zomwe zimawopseza kafadala. Izi zikuphatikiza ma marigolds, omwe amatulutsa fungo lodana ndi kachilombo ka waya ndi nyemba, m'mazira omwe mumakhala mabakiteriya, omwe amatulutsa nayitrogeni, omwe ndi owopsa kwa kachilomboka.
- Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera. Pachifukwa ichi, 100 g wa celandine amalimbikitsidwa masiku atatu mu 10 malita a madzi, kenako tchire limathirira madzi.
Komanso, kuchotsa kachilombo ka wireworm kudzakuthandizani mitundu yonse ya nyambo:
- Pa 1 m2, muyenera kukumba mumtsuko, pansi pake mumayika mbatata zodulidwa. Kafadala azikalowadi. Ingokumbukirani kuti muwone mitsuko ndikupha nsikidzi masiku atatu alionse, komanso kusintha nyambo.
- Muthanso kuyika tuber pansi ndikukhazikitsa ndodo yolemba ndikubwereza zomwe tafotokozazi masiku atatu aliwonse.
- M'chaka pamalopo mungathe kuphimba cellophane ndikupaka mafuta ndi shuga... Mafungulo adzathamangira kununkhira ndikutsata msampha.
Nematode
Imodzi mwa majeremusi oyipa kwambiri ndi nematode. Nyongolotsi, kutalika kwa 2.5 cm, imatha kuwononga 80% ya zokolola. Nyongolotsi zimaluma mu muzu wa mbatata yokha ndipo zakudya sizimalowa mu tubers, chifukwa chake zimakula pang'ono kapena sizipanga konse.
Nyongolotsi iyi imatha kugwira owopsa wamaluwa, popeza sangawonongeke:
- sasamala kutentha kapena kutsika;
- ndi wosavuta kulekerera chilala ndi kusefukira kwa madzi.
- ngakhale kuchuluka kwa cheza choopsa kwa anthu kulibe mphamvu polimbana ndi nyongolotsi iyi.
Kuphatikiza apo, tizilomboto timatha kuchulukana mofulumira kwambiri.
Zitenga zaka makumi angapo kuti zichotse nematode, ndipo anthu atha kuchepetsedwa pazaka ziwiri.
Polimbana ndi nematode, njira zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Kudziika payokha kulengezedwa, ndipo mbatata sizimachotsedwa m'derali.
- Mbewuyi siyimabzalidwa pamalo amodzi kwa zaka zopitilira zitatu zotsatizana.
- Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri, ndikofunikira kusintha zomwe mwabzala.
- Nthaka amathandizidwa ndi urea.
- Musanabzala, tubers imathiriridwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate, pamlingo wa 0,5 g pa 10 malita a madzi.
Altenariosis
Zizindikiro zimawoneka bwino masiku 20 asanayambe maluwa, masambawo atakutidwa ndi mawanga abulauni. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka, mawanga amawonekeranso pa ma tubers.
Alternaria kapena banga lofiirira limakhudza zonse tubers ndi tsinde la chomeracho. Matendawa amapezeka kudzera mphepo, tizilombo komanso mvula. Nyengo yotentha komanso yamvula ndiyabwino kufalikira kwa matendawa.
Pofuna kupewa matenda, tubers amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala monga Yophatikiza kapena Agat-25... Mphukira zazing'ono zimathiridwa ndi Bravo.
Blackleg
Mwendo wakuda ndi matenda ena omwe atulutsa zizindikiro. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kotere:
- masamba amasanduka achikasu, amapiringa ndikumauma;
- mizu ndi nsonga zimayamba zakuda kenako zimaola;
- ndi osavuta kuzula m'nthaka.
Ngati matendawa akupita patsogolo msanga kapena nthawi yamaluwa, ndiye tubers sizingapange.
Chilimwe chamvula ndichabwino kwa mwendo wakuda. Ng'ombe za Colorado, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi cicadas ndizonyamula matendawa.
Polimbana ndi mwendo wakuda, muyenera kutsatira izi:
- osagwiritsa ntchito ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndi nthaka kubzala;
- tchire la matenda limasulidwa ndikuwotchedwa, kapena kuyikidwa mita 1, kukonkha bulitchi.
- kukolola kumachitika nyengo youma;
- musanabise mbewu m'chipinda chapansi, imawuma bwino;
- yosungirako imachiritsidwa ndi yankho la 3% laimu;
- Kukonza mbatata musanadzalenge kumathandizanso kwambiri Maxim kapena Fitosporin.
Khansa ya mbatata
Ichi ndi matenda omwe amayamba ndi bowa, pomwe amalowa mmera, kukula kumapangidwa.
Amanyamulidwa matenda zosavuta:
- madzi amvula;
- ndi nsapato za munthu;
- tizilombo zosiyanasiyana;
- ngati nyama idya chomeracho, ndiye kuti chimatuluka ndi manyowa ndikupitiliza kugwira ntchito yake yofunikira.
Kuthetsa bowa wamtunduwu, muyenera:
- Sintha nthawi zonse kubzala kwachikhalidwe;
- kukula mitundu yolimbana ndi khansa: Oyera wachikaso, Savory, Sparkle ndi ena ambiri;
- ma tubers amathandizidwa ndi 1% kuyimitsidwa kwa maziko.
Tizilombo ta mbatata
Tizilombo tomwe timakonda kudya mbatata ndi monga:
- Kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata;
- njenjete;
- chimbalangondo.
Chikumbu cha Colorado
Amawononga tsinde, chifukwa chake tubers sizingatheke bwino... Amachulukitsa mofulumira; mu nyengo imodzi, mibadwo iwiri kapena itatu ya Colorado kafadala amabadwa, omwe amathamangira kudzaza mimba zawo.
Kuthetsa kafadala ka Colorado, ndikofunikira kuti tisonkhanitse tizilombo tonse tokha ndikuthyola masamba ndi ndodo yawo ndikuwaponya muchidebe chodzaza mafuta.
Mbatata njenjete
Gulugufe wokongola woyera. Popita nthawi, imasandulika mbozi ndikumatafuna zilonda zonse pansi pa khungu palokha ndikusiya zimbudzi zake nthawi yomweyo.
Komanso iye akhoza kukhazikika mu tsinde la zomera... Zimangotengera mwezi umodzi kuti m'badwo watsopano uwonekere.
Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa mbozi, muyenera:
- 2 masabata musanakolole, dulani nsonga;
- gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala monga 10% carboros. 90 g ya wothandizirayo amasungunuka mu 10 l madzi.
Medvedka
Kupeza kuti si kophweka, chifukwa amakhala mobisa, komabe ndizotheka kumuwombera.
Timachotsa chimbalangondo: amatchera msampha posakumba dzenje lakuya mita ndikutsanulira manyowa a akavalo. Medvedka adzafunadi kukhazikika kuti azikhala m'nyengo yozizira. Kuzizira kukabwera, ndikofunikira kumwaza manyowa, ndikupeza ndikuwononga tizilombo tokha.
Muthiranso malo omwe amagawira. 10% karbofos, 50 g kuchepetsedwa mu 10 malita a madzi.
Zosiyanasiyana za mbatata zowola
Nawonso matenda otchedwa kuvunda. Pali mitundu ingapo yovunda:
- chaka;
- bakiteriya wabulauni;
- zosakanikirana zamkati;
- yonyowa;
- youma.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala milandu pomwe zowola mphete ndi zowola zofiirira zasokonezeka. Ngakhale amayambitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya, mawanga ofanana achikasu ndi achikaso amawonekera pamasamba. Komabe, ngati zotengera zikufinyidwa, ndiye kuti ndi mphete zowola padzakhala kuwala kofiirira, ndipo ndi kuvunda kofiirira, mpheteyo imakhala yofiirira.
Chachidule
Sakhala m'nthaka, iye idapitilira mbeu ina kudzera mu mbewu... Komanso, ngati muika tubers zomwe zakhudzidwa posungira pafupi ndi zathanzi, mabakiteriya amalowa kudzera pakukanda kapena khungu lowonongeka.
Brown
Mutha kubisala m'nthaka ndipo dikirani m'mapiko kuti mulowe mu tubers zowonongeka.
Zosakanikirana zamkati
Kusakanikirana kwamkati kwa mbatata kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa makina kapena bakiteriya, komanso chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana omwe poyamba adawononga tubers. Khalani ndi udindo pakusankha zinthu zobzala!
Pofuna kupewa mawonekedwe amtundu wovunda pamwambapa, muyenera choyamba:
- nthawi zonse sintha zinthu zobzala;
- sintha malo obwera;
- mukakolola, yanizani nsonga;
- pewani kuwonongeka kwa mbatata.
Wonyowa
Kodi kuwononga kwathunthu tuber yonse masiku 15... Matendawa amadziwonetsera nthawi yosungirako. Nthawi zambiri, pamalo omwe pamawonongeka makina, nthaka imakhala yofewa ndikuyamba kuvunda.
Ndizosatheka kuthana ndi zowola zamadzi. Kuti musawonetse mbatata ku matendawa, muyenera:
- sungani tubers zouma bwino mosungira;
- pangani chipinda chapansi ndi mkuwa sulphate kapena laimu;
- pewani kuwonongeka kwamakina ndi kuzizira kwa ma tubers.
Youma
Kuuma kowuma kwa mbatata ikhoza kuwononga 20% ya zokolola... Ikhoza kukhudza zomera nthawi iliyonse, nthawi yosungirako komanso m'nthaka. Zomwe zimadziwika ndikuti samachiritsidwa, koma amatha kubisala kwakanthawi.
Tchire lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi matendawa limafota, silikukula, kapenanso kutheratu.
Pofuna kupewa mawonekedwe ake, muyenera:
- musagwiritse ntchito feteleza mopitirira muyeso, pamene amatulutsa nayitrogeni, womwe umakondedwa ndi kuvunda uku;
- chotsani nsonga m'munda;
- sintha malo obwera ndikubzala.
Zithunzi za mbatata
Mosaic ndi matenda osasangalatsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ma virus. Pali njira ziwiri zomwe matendawa amapatsira:
- tizilombo zosiyanasiyana;
- ngati mumachiza chomera chomwe chili ndi kachilombo, kenako ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito chathanzi, ndiye kuti matenda ndiosapeweka.
Makamaka ayenera kulipidwa kwa makwinya ndi mizere yamitundu.
Khwinya
Lili ndi dzina lake malinga ndi zizindikilo za matendawa. Masamba ayamba khwinya ndi kupiringa mkati. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo omwe ali ndi matenda sangathe kusunga chinyezi, ndichifukwa chake ambiri chilala pang'ono chimatsogolera chomeracho kuimfa.
Vuto lokhala ndi banding
Zankhanza kwambiri ndipo zitha kuwononga pafupifupi 90% ya mbewu. Choyamba, mikwingwirima imawonekera pazotengera zamasamba, kenako masamba amafota, ndipo ochepa okha ndi omwe amakhala pachitsamba chonse. Zotsatira zake, tuber imasiya kukula konse.
Palinso njira zothana ndi zojambulajambula:
- kachilombo ka matendawa kamafa pa madigiri 60;
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sayenera kubzalidwa, koma yosavuta kuwona kopitilira muyeso;
- Zipatso za tubers zimayenera kusankhidwanso, popeza zimamera za ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo amafooka;
- musanadzalemo, mbewu ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi tizirombo.
Matenda a mbatata: gulu
Matenda onse a mbatata amagawika m'magulu otsatirawa:
- panthawi yosungirako;
- kachilombo;
- bowa;
- bakiteriya;
- osapatsirana.
Gulu 1... Kulekanitsa matenda a mbatata ndi mitundu.
Mtundu wamatenda | Matenda |
kachilombo | mitundu yonse ya zojambulajambula masamba opindidwa corymbose pamwamba kufinya pang'ono positi mukufuna |
mafangasi | Choipitsa cham'mbuyo fusarium zowola zowuma nkhanambo wakuda |
bakiteriya | mphete zowola alireza zowola zowononga bakiteriya nkhanambo wamba wosakanikirana zowola mkati |
osapatsirana | mdima wa zamkati imvi kapena melanosis kupotoza kwa tubers kutentha kuwonongeka kwa tubers mazira ozizira malo am'mimba kusakhazikika komanso kusintha kwa ma tubers mtundu wofiira kapena wabuluu wa zamkati za tuber thumba lakhungu |
Matendawa amatha kukhala munthawi yakucha mbatata komanso nthawi yosungira.
Chifukwa chiyani pali mawanga abulauni pa mbatata?
Mwa kudula mbatata, mawanga abulauni amatha kuwona omwe sawola konse. Timayankha funso loti bwanji izi zimachitika - ndikuwonetsetsa kwa gelatinous. Mbatata zotere zimangokhala zolimba ndipo mbewu zowuma zimawonongeka.
Mawanga awa amayamba ndi:
- chinyezi chochepa;
- kutentha;
- kusowa kwa phosphorous.
Akukula matendawa kokha pakukula, posunga mbatata, amaundana.
Pofuna kuteteza matendawa kuti asakhudze mbatata zanu, m'pofunika kuthira feteleza wa nayitrogeni, laimu ndi kuthirira mbatata.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Lero pali mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo omwe angathetsere mbatata za matenda ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Chothandiza kwambiri mwa iwo ndi ndalama zotsatirazi:
- Zolemba - amateteza ku matenda ambiri, makamaka ku mitundu yonse ya nkhanambo ndi phyto-infection.
- Quadris - mankhwala omwe amateteza kumatenda ambiri, komanso amakulitsa kukula kwa mbatata.
- Wankhanza - Kuteteza kwabwino kwa tubers ku tizirombo tambiri.
- Celeste Pamwamba - amateteza nsonga ndi tubers ku tizirombo, komanso ku matenda a fungal.
- Aktara - iteteza mbatata masiku 60.
- Limbikitsani - cholinga chake ndikuwononga ma nyongolotsi.
- Kutchuka - amateteza mitundu yochedwa ku zowola, nkhanambo ndi Colorado kafadala.
Komanso tizindikire mankhwala monga Imidor, Commander ndi Tabu.
Monga mukuwonera, ngakhale matenda kapena tizirombo titawononga mbewu yanu, adzalephera ngati mutasamalira mbatata zomwe mumakonda. Chifukwa chake, menyani matenda ndi tizirombo munthawi yake ndipo mudzapeza zotsatira zabwino. Khalani ndi zokolola zabwino!