Tomato amawerengedwa kuti ndi ndiwo zamasamba zotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndizovuta kupeza dimba lamasamba lomwe lilibe. Komabe, si eni onse omwe angadzitamande ndi zokolola zochuluka komanso zipatso zazikulu. Gawo lalikulu la vuto lakukula tomato ndi kusasunga malamulo aukadaulo waulimi.
Kuti mukolole zochuluka, muyenera kusamalira mbewuzo moyenera, chifukwa si mitundu yonse yomwe ndi yoyenera kubzala masamba m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Zomwe akuchita akuphatikizidwa ndiukadaulo waulimi wakukula tomato
Amaluwa ambiri okonda masewerawa amakhulupirira kuti chisamaliro chonse cha mabedi a phwetekere ndikuthirira ndi kupalira. M'malo mwake, ndi chidwi chochepa chonchi, ngakhale zimphona zochuluka kwambiri komanso zosagonjetsedwa ndi matenda sizingabweretse zokolola zambiri. Tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane malamulo ovomerezeka a tomato.
Agrotechnology yolima tomato ili ndi mfundo izi:
- kusankhidwa kwa mbewu (makamaka mitundu) - mitundu ina ya tomato ndi yoyenera kudera lililonse;
- kukonzekera mbewu yodzala (kuviika kuti muteteze ndikulimbikitsa kukula);
- kupanga zinthu zokomera mbande (kuyatsa, kutentha, kuthirira, kudyetsa);
- kutola mbande;
- kusankha malo ogona pabedi ndikukonzekera nthaka;
- Kuika mbande kumabedi;
- kuthirira;
- umuna;
- kupewa matenda;
- kupalira ndi kumasula nthaka;
- mapangidwe a tchire ndi kutsina, garter wamitengo yayitali (ngakhale phwetekere ili pansi, simuyenera kuchoka pamalamulowa);
- kukolola.
Kuphatikiza pa magawo akulu, ntchito zowonjezerazomwe zikuthandizira kukulitsa chikhalidwe:
- kulimbitsa munda;
- chithandizo cha mbande ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera;
- kumanga kanyumba kanthawi kochepa kotetezera ku chisanu cha kasupe (chopangidwa ndi kanema kapena agrofibre);
- kubzala mbewu m'dera lomwe limathamangitsa tizirombo.
Pofuna kutsatira kayendetsedwe ka kasamalidwe ka zamasamba, alimi odziwa bwino ntchito yawo amakonza dongosolo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo.
Kodi tomato amakonda nthaka yotani?
Tomato amatha kukula pafupifupi dothi lililonse, funso ndilo kuchuluka kwa ntchito yokonzekera.
Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zolimidwa zimadziwika pa nthaka yopanda thanzi yokhala ndi chinyezi chabwino komanso mpweya wabwino... Makhalidwe amenewa amakhala nawo, mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa. Sing'anga ayenera kukhala ndale kapena acidic pang'ono, koma acidic.
Musanakwere, muyenera onani pH mulingo kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso a labotale kapena pepala la litmus. Ngati chizindikirocho chikuposa mtengo wa 5.5-6.5, ndiye kuti chithandizo chikuyenera kuchitidwa kuti chisinthe acidity. Kuti muchite izi, ufa wa dolomite kapena laimu wosweka umapopera padziko, kenako osakanikirana ndi nthaka.
Nthaka ya tomato iyenera kukhala yachonde, yopindulitsa ndi potaziyamu, nayitrogeni, phosphorous, iron, zinc ndi zinthu zina zofufuzira.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza panthawi yokonzekera malo oti mubzale mbande, feteleza zonse zam'mimba ndi feteleza zovuta za mchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti simuyenera kutengeka ndi zosakaniza zopatsa thanzi, mutha kuwotcha mphukira zazing'ono kapena kuyambitsa kukula kwamasamba kuwononga mapangidwe a zipatso.
Posankha malo amphesa wa phwetekere, muyenera kuganizira mbewu zomwe zidalima nyengo yathayi.
Omwe adalipo m'malo mwake amatha kutsitsa nthaka kotero kuti sizokayikitsa kupeza zipatso zazikulu za phwetekere. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito pakazungulira kasinthidwe ka mbewu; sizikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mbewu m'dera lomwelo.
Momwe mungakonzekerere nthaka ya tomato
Kutengera mtundu wa michere ya nthaka ndi kapangidwe kake, zosankha zabwino za feteleza zimasankhidwa.
Mu wowonjezera kutentha
Muyenera kuyamba kukonza nthaka mu wowonjezera kutentha mu kugwa. Pongoyambira ndikofunikira Chotsani zinyalala zonse zazomera, tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda bwinobwino yozizira ndi izo.
Kuti mupeze vermicompost, tikulimbikitsidwa mukangomaliza kukolola Bzalani manyowa obiriwira (monga mpiru). Pofika nyengo yozizira, amakula, ndipo amatha kudulidwa. Kudzakhala kotheka kuwunika zotsatira za ntchito kumapeto kwa nyengo, nthaka idzakhala yathanzi, kutsukidwa kwa namsongole ndikupindulitsa ndi michere.
Ngati kufalikira kwa matenda kunadziwika m'nyengo, ndiye kuti dothi lidzafunika kusinthidwa. Kuti muchite izi, wosanjikiza wa 20-30 cm amachotsedwa kwathunthu ndikuchotsedwa mu wowonjezera kutentha. Pamalo onse anyumbayo ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi fungicides. Kuphatikiza apo, chowunikira sulfure chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Dothi latsopano labwino limatsatira onjezerani manyowa, manyowa kapena feteleza ovuta... Kusakaniza kwabwino kwanthaka wowonjezera kutentha kumaphatikizapo zinthu izi:
- nthaka yachonde yachonde;
- peat;
- mchenga wonyezimira;
- manyowa;
- manyowa owola.
M'chaka, malo owonjezera kutentha amafunika kutsukanso, ndipo chitani ndi yankho lapadera (mwachitsanzo, Baikal-EM) yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikutsanulira madzi otentha pabedi kuti afunditse dziko lapansi.
2 milungu musanadzalemo mbande, superphosphate (30 g), ammonium nitrate (20 g) ndi potaziyamu sulphate (15 g) imayambitsidwa m'nthaka. Manyowa atsopano sagwiritsidwa ntchito masika, amapangitsa kukula kwa nsonga, ndikuchepetsa mapangidwe a zipatso.
Kuti mukolole msanga, pamakhala mabedi ofunda. Ndi njira iyi, masiku ofikira adasinthidwa masabata 2-4 m'mbuyomu.
Kutchire
Bedi lamunda pabwalo limakonzedwanso kugwa. Kwa ameneyu ayenera chotsani zinyalala zonse zazomera ndikukumba pansi ndi kuzama kwakukulu kwa chida pa bayonet ya fosholo. Imodzi ndi kukumba yambitsani zinthu zakuthupi (kompositi, manyowa) pamlingo wa makilogalamu 6-8 pa 1 m2.
M'chaka, bedi limakumbidwanso ndipo pakatha milungu 1-2 musanabzala mbande kukonzedwa ndi yankho lotentha la sulphate yamkuwa (kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo). Kuti nthaka isazizire, imakutidwa ndi kanema musanadzalemo mbande.
Mukamabzala, chisakanizo cha michere chimatsanulidwa mu dzenje lililonse: humus, kompositi, peat, phulusa lamatabwa.
Malamulo olima tomato kuti mukolole bwino
Feteleza
Pa nyengo yokula, tomato amafunika kudyetsa kangapo, ndiye mutha kukulitsa zokolola.
Kutchire gawo loyamba limayambitsidwa sabata mutabzala mbande. Pachifukwa ichi, yankho la malita 10 amadzi ndiloyenera, Art. l. nitrophosphate ndi 500 ml ya madzi mullein. Chitsamba chilichonse chimadya pafupifupi 0,5 malita.
Kachiwiri, zakudya zowonjezera zimayambitsidwa nthawi yamaluwa. Pakadali pano, yankho la malita 10 amadzi, 500 ml ya manyowa a nkhuku zamadzimadzi, zaluso. superphosphate, kuphatikizapo potaziyamu sulphate.
Pambuyo masiku khumi, chomeracho chimatha kudyetsedwa ndi yankho potengera Agricola Vegeta kapena Signor Tomato. Pambuyo masiku ena 10-14, mabedi amapindula ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi malita 10 a madzi, 1 tbsp. potaziyamu humate (kapena sodium).
Mu wowonjezera kutentha Kudyetsa koyamba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumabowo mukamabzala mbande, dzenje lodzaza ndi kompositi, humus ndi phulusa lamatabwa.
Gawo lachiwiri la zosakaniza zimayambitsidwa pambuyo pa masabata 2-3. Feteleza amachepetsedwa mu Chidebe chamadzi: nayitrogeni (25 gr.), Potash (15 gr.), Phosphoric (40 gr.). Thirani 1 lita imodzi yantchito pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse.
Kuvala kwotsatira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yamaluwa. Kuchokera mu zosakaniza zamagulu, mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi madzi (10 l), mullein wamadzi (500 ml) ndi potaziyamu sulphate (15 g) ndioyenera. Malita 1-1.5 a madzi amathiridwa pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse.
Njira zotsatirazi zimachitika pakadutsa masiku 10-14 (nitrophoska, potaziyamu humate ndi othandizira ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito).
Kupanga kwa Bush
Kuti chomeracho chisataye mphamvu pachabe, tikulimbikitsidwa kupanga tchire mu 1, 2, 3 zimayambira.
Tsinde lalikulu limachokera muzu, pomwe limachoka m'munsimu, momwe ma axils amapangidwira ana opeza. Chifukwa cha iwo, chomeracho chimatuluka, ndikudya michere yambiri.
Njira yonseyi imawononga kapangidwe ka mazira ndi zipatso chifukwa chosowa zakudya. choncho ana opeza ayenera kuchotsedwa masiku asanu aliwonse, ndipo pangani phwetekere ndi zimayambira.
Njirayi imachitika mosasamala kanthu komwe mbewuyo imalimidwa, kaya ndi nthaka yotseguka kapena wowonjezera kutentha.
Kutsirira koyenera
Kuthirira m'mabedi otseguka kumachitika 1-2 nthawi pasabata... M'nyengo yotentha kwambiri, kuthirira pafupipafupi kumawonjezeka mpaka nthawi 3-4... Komabe, chofunikira kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumayambitsa kukula kwa matenda a mafangasi, chifukwa chake simuyenera kutengeka ndi ulimi wothirira.
Mu wowonjezera kutentha, mitengo yothirira imayendetsedwa kutengera chinyezi cha mlengalenga ndi nthaka. Monga lamulo, njira zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothirira kapena yapansi panthaka.
Kutsegula ndi kutchinga
Polemeretsa nthaka ndi mpweya komanso kupewa mapangidwe a kutumphuka m'mabuku obiriwira ndi nthaka yotseguka, kumasula kumachitika, komwe nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi kupalira.
Njira yoyamba imachitika pambuyo pothirira koyamba ndikumiza nthaka mpaka masentimita 8-10. Kumasula pambuyo pake kumapereka kuya kwa masentimita 3-4. Nthawi 3-4 pachaka, koma mpaka pomwe tchire limakula. Pambuyo pakupanga kwathunthu, magawo osafunikira pakati pa zomera amatha kuwavulaza.
Mu wowonjezera kutentha, kumasula koyamba kumachitidwanso pambuyo kuthirira. Njira zotsatirazi zimachitika milungu iwiri iliyonse mpaka mizere itseke.
Pofuna kusunga chinyontho m'nthaka, mabedi a phwetekere amadzaza ndi udzu wouma, utuchi kapena peat.
Kukula kwa interlayer kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa 6-7 cm (zinthu zitatha). Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mulch: burlap, newsprint, makungwa amitengo, mitengo youma, etc.
Zinsinsi za kulima tomato ndikupeza zipatso zochuluka
Mlimi aliyense waluso ali ndi zinsinsi zake zomwe zimatsimikizira zokolola zambiri ngakhale nyengo itakhala yoyipa. Malangizo otsatirawa ndi amodzi mwa othandiza komanso osangalatsa.
- Kuonjezera zokolola nthawi ya maluwa yachiwiri ndi yachitatu burashi, tikulimbikitsidwa perekani chomeracho ndi yankho la boric acid (ofooka ndende). Boron imalimbikitsa mungu kumera, kupanga kwamchiberekero ndi zipatso.
- Matimati ambiri amadzipatsa mungu wokha. Koma pansi pazovuta, njira yoyendetsera pollination imachitika bwino, chifukwa chake thandizo laumunthu silisokoneza chomeracho. Kwa izi muyenera pang'ono sansani tchire kamodzi masiku atatu kapena atatu.
- Kuphimba mabedi a phwetekere kumalepheretsa dothi kuti liume komanso kutumphuka panthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, mulch amachepetsa kukula kwa namsongole - mdani wamkulu wa mbewu zamasamba.
- Kukonzekera nthaka yophukira kumapereka kuchuluka kwa zokolola ngati kompositi, manyowa osakanikirana ndi peat amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza.
- Kwa wamaluwa ambiri, kudyetserako ziweto sikumachitikabe, chifukwa chake, si aliyense amene angapeze zipatso ndi zomwe zafotokozedwazi. Kuchotsa mphukira zopanda pake kumabwezeretsanso kuyenda kwa chakudya ndi mphamvu pakupanga tomato wamkulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi nthawi yokhwima nyengo isanathe.
Mwambiri, ukadaulo waulimi siwovuta, ngakhale uli ndi zina, koma ndizotheka kuwonjezera zokolola. Mukapeza chidziwitso pakukula kwa tomato, mutha kupanga zosintha zanu pazomwe mungasamalire, kenako ndikugawana nawo pamisonkhano.