Felt chitumbuwa ndi shrub ya zipatso yomwe imayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi wamaluwa ndi oweta. Mtengo uwu ndi wochokera ku East Asia ndipo pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 pomwe amadziwika kuti ndi chomera chomwe amalima ku Europe ndi America. Kutchuka kwa maluwa amtengo wapatali pakati pa wamaluwa kumafotokozedwa mosavuta - kukoma kwapadera kwa zipatso ndi kukongoletsa kwakukulu kwa chitsamba.
Khalidwe
Malo okhalamo a chitumbuwa chodulidwa ndi malo otsetsereka a mapiri a China, Korea ndi Mongolia. Pali umboni wambiri wosonyeza kuti nthumwi zamtunduwu zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Koma sanazindikiridwe pakati pa wamaluwa ndipo sanadziwitsidwe pachikhalidwe. Mwina chifukwa cha zipatso zoyipa.
Felt cherry idatchuka ku Russia pambuyo pofotokozedwa ndi IV Michurin. Pambuyo poyesera kubzala ndikuwunika mawonekedwe, adawona kufunikira kwa mitundu iyi yamatcheri yolimidwa m'minda yolima zipatso.
Felt chitumbuwa ndi shrub yokhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yambiri mpaka kutalika kwa 1.5 mpaka 2 m ndi korona wofalikira. Ndizosowa kwambiri kupeza mbewu zazitali mpaka 3 m kapena kupitilira apo. Mphukira zosatha - kuwala kofiirira, wandiweyani komanso wandiweyani. Mphukira yapachaka imakhala yobiriwira bulauni ndi masamba atatu ofananira zipatso atasonkhanitsidwa. Zipatso zimapanga zaka 3-4.
Chikhalidwe cha shrub ndikutulutsa kwa mitengo ikuluikulu, masamba ndi zipatso. Uku ndi kuteteza kwa chomera pazinthu zakunja. Tsitsi (ma trichomes) zimawonetsa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, kupewa kutentha kwa shrub. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimapangitsa chipatso kugonjetsedwa ndi mayendedwe ndi kasungidwe. Tsitsi lofewa limodzi limafanana, zomwe zimafotokozera dzina lenileni - chimamveka chitumbuwa.
Masamba ang'onoang'ono ovunda okhala ndi malata. M'chilimwe, amajambulidwa ndi kuwala kobiriwira, ndipo nthawi yophukira amakhala ndi utoto wa lalanje. Dulani nthawi imodzi ndi maluwa.
Maluwawo ndi otumbululuka pinki, pang'onopang'ono amakhala oyera. Gawo lamaluwa limayamba kumapeto kwa Meyi ndipo limatha masiku 10 mpaka 15. Munthawi imeneyi, zokongoletsa za shrub zimafika pachimake. Maluwawo, omwe amakhala phesi lalifupi kwambiri, amamatira pamitengo, ndipo shrub imatenga mawonekedwe a mpira waukulu. Maluwa amalekerera kutentha mpaka -3 ° C.
Zipatso za shrub ndi ma polymorphic - zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi mbande zamtundu wina. Kulemera kwapakati pa mabulosi amodzi kumakhala pakati pa 1 g mpaka 4.5 g. Mtundu wa zipatso umachokera ku pinki mpaka chitumbuwa chamdima, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza zitsamba zokhala ndi zipatso zoyera. Zamkati zimakhala zokoma kwambiri ndipo zimakoma kuchokera ku lokoma mpaka lokoma-wowawasa. Mkati muli fupa laling'ono losagawanika.
Gawo la zipatso zosiyanasiyana limasiyana, kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti. Pafupifupi, zimatha mpaka masiku 10. Kukhazikika kwa zipatso panthambi ndikokwera. Kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera pachitsamba chimodzi, mutha kusonkhanitsa kuchokera ku 5.5 kg mpaka 14 kg ya zipatso.
Kulimbana ndi chisanu kwa chitumbuwa chokwanira ndikokwera - shrub imatha kupirira kutentha kotsika -40 ° C. Avereji ya kulimba kwa nyengo yozizira, malo ofooka a shrub ndi mizu kolala podoprevanie. Cherry amakhala ndi moyo waufupi, kuyambira zaka 8 mpaka 10.
Kufotokozera kwamitundu yamitundu ina yamatcheri
Pofuna kuyendetsa mungu wabwino ndi zokolola zapachaka, mitundu ingapo yamitunduyi iyenera kubzalidwa pamalopo. Njira yosangalatsa: pophatikiza mitundu ndi nyengo zakupsa zosiyanasiyana, mutha kukolola mbewu zatsopano mkati mwa masiku 40-45.
Mitundu yotchuka:
- Mfumukazi. Yaying'ono (1.2-1.5 m) ndi shrub yodzipereka kwambiri. Zipatso zimapsa m'zaka khumi za Julayi. Chitsamba chimodzi chimatha kusonkhanitsa 10 kg ya zipatso. Zipatso zolemera 3-4 g, kukoma kokoma ndi acidity pang'ono. Zipatso zimapsa pambuyo pa Julayi 20. Ubwino: palibe kukula kwa mizu, kukana kwa coccomycosis. Zoyipa: kudziletsa komanso kusakhazikika kwa moniliosis.
- Moni. Shrub, yotalika mamita 1.6. Zipatso kumayambiriro kwa Julayi, zipatso kuchokera 2 mpaka 4 g, kukoma kokoma. Zokolola 11 kg pa chitsamba chilichonse. Chikhalidwe cha zipatsozo ndi msoko woyenda pamwamba. Ubwino: kudziletsa kubereka komanso kukongoletsa kwambiri. Zoyipa: kutengeka ndi moniliosis.
- Nthano. Chitsamba chochepa mpaka mamita 1.3. Kupsa kwathunthu kwa zipatso kumapeto kwa Julayi. Zipatso za 3 mpaka 3.5 g, zimapereka mpaka 10 kg. Kukoma kwa zipatso kumakhala kokoma komanso kowawasa. Ubwino: nthawi yolimba yozizira, yopatukana ndi zipatso. Zoyipa: kubereka, kudzikaniza moniliosis, kuphwanya zipatso zokolola zambiri.
- Natalie. Chitsamba cholimba, chofika kutalika kwa mita 2. Zipatso zimapsa kuyambira 10 mpaka 15 Julayi. Kulemera kwake kwa zipatso ndi 5 g, zamkati ndizolimba, kukoma kwake ndi kokoma komanso kowawasa. Kukonzekera kwa shrub wamkulu ndi 6-7 kg. Kutalika kwa moyo ndi zaka 18. Ubwino: kukhazikika kwa shrub poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yamtunduwu. Zoyipa: kuphwanya zipatso zokolola zambiri, kuzindikira chinyezi chambiri.
- Damanka... Wamphamvu shrub mpaka 3.2 m kutalika. Zipatso ndi zonyezimira, pafupifupi zakuda mu mtundu, zolemera pafupifupi 3 g. Avereji yokolola 8 kg pa chitsamba. Zipatsozo zapsa kwambiri kumapeto kwa Julayi komanso koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Ubwino: kukoma kwa zipatso, zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizabwino kwambiri pakati pa mitundu iyi, kukana moniliosis. Zoyipa: kusabereka, kuzindikira chilala.
Kukula
Ngakhale mitunduyo, chitumbuwa chomwe chimamvekacho chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri ndi chitumbuwa chofala ndi chitumbuwa chodziwika bwino, ndikuwonetsa kuti chili pafupi kwambiri ndi mbewu zina: maula, apurikoti ndi pichesi.
Izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakulima zitsamba zamtunduwu.
Kusankha ndikukonzekera tsamba lodzala
Fungo lamatcheri amakonda kuwala kwamphamvu komanso kofalikira. M'minda yobzala kapena m'malo amithunzi, mphukira zimatambasulidwa, ndipo zipatso zimachepa.
Posankha malo obzala, ndikofunikira kukumbukira zovuta zazikulu zamatcheri akumva - kuthandizira kolala yazu.
Zowonongekazi zimachitika nthawi yozizira, pomwe chipale chofewa chimagwera panthaka yosazirala. Ngati kolala ya mizu yawonongeka, kukula kwa mizu yoyamwa kumasiya, komwe kumabweretsa imfa ya shrub.
Chifukwa chake, muyenera kusankha tsamba paphiri pomwe chivundikirocho ndi chopyapyala. Kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha podoprevaniya mu nthawi yophukira, muyenera kugwedeza nthaka yozungulira kolala yakuya mpaka masentimita 7-10 ndikudzaza dzenje ndi mchenga wolimba.
Shrub imakula bwino mu dothi loamy ndi la mchenga wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owala komanso mpweya wabwino wokhala ndi madzi apansi osapitilira mamita 3. Mizu yayikulu yamatcheri akumva ili pamtunda wa masentimita 35, motero dothi ili liyenera kukhala lolinganizidwa ndikukhala ndi michere yambiri.
Dera losankhidwa limakumbidwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo feteleza amathiridwa pa 1m iliyonse2:
- manyowa kapena kompositi 15 kg;
- potaziyamu mankhwala enaake 120 g;
- superphosphate 250g.
Pambuyo pake, dzenje lodzala limapangidwa ndi makoma otambalala 50 cm mulifupi ndi masentimita 45. Pamwamba pa nthaka pamayikidwa kuti mudzadzidwe dzenje mtsogolo. Chiwembu ndi dzenje lodzala masika zimakonzedwa kugwa, chifukwa chakugwa nthawi yachilimwe.
Momwe mungabzalidwe ndi kusamalira mmera wa mitengo m'chigawo cha Moscow?
Mitengo yamatcheri ingabzalidwe masika ndi kugwa. Popeza kutentha kwa shrub nyengo yachisanu, wamaluwa odziwa ntchito amalimbikitsa kuchita izi mchaka, kutentha kokhazikika kwa + 15 ° C kumakhazikitsidwa. Poterepa, chomeracho chimalimbitsa kwambiri mizu ndi ziphuphu zapamtunda. Izi zimapereka chitsimikizo chambiri chodzapulumuka kuposa kubzala kugwa.
Podzala, sankhani mmera mpaka zaka ziwiri. Mitengo yabwino kwambiri yobzala - mmera mpaka 1 mita kutalika, wokhala ndi muzu wathanzi wosachepera 25 cm m'litali komanso ndi mizu yochulukirapo.
Kuti mudzaze dzenje lobzala muyenera:
- manyowa kapena manyowa zidebe zitatu;
- superphosphate 40 g;
- potaziyamu mankhwala enaake 20 g;
Zida izi zimasakanizidwa ndi nthaka yoyikidwayo. Ngati dothi la acidity ndilokwera, onjezerani 300 g ya laimu kwa iwo. Njira yabwino ndikutulutsa ngalande pansi pa dzenje lopangidwa ndi miyala yamiyala yosweka, yomwe imawongolera acidity wa gawo lapansi ndikuloleza madzi kutuluka mdzenjemo. Pansi pa dzenje, muyenera kumata mtengo (1.5 mita) kuti mumangirire mmera. Njira yolimbikitsira kubzala zitsamba ndi 2x1m.
Pakatikati pa dzenje, muyenera kupanga chitunda ndikufalitsa mizu ya chitumbuwa pamwamba pake. Ndikofunika kuti kolala ya mizu ikhalebe pamwamba pa nthaka pafupifupi masentimita 5. Izi zimalepheretsa kuzama pambuyo pothina nthaka. Mizu ya mmera imakutidwa ndi nthaka yosakanikirana ndipo pamwamba pake pamaumbika.
Mmera umayenera kuthiriridwa ndi zidebe 2-3 zamadzi ofunda ndipo, nthaka ikatha, mudzaze mavowo ndi nthaka. Pambuyo pake, bwalo loyandikira-pafupi limadzaza ndi peat kapena utuchi.
Mukabzala, gawo lakumlengalenga la mbande zapachaka limafupikitsidwa ndi masentimita 30. Mu mbande zazaka ziwiri, mpaka nthambi 6 zolimba zimatsalira, ndikuzifupikitsa ndi 1/4.
Kusamalira mmera
Mukamasamalira ma cherries omverera, ndikofunikira kukumbukira zofooka za shrub: kukulitsa korona, chiwopsezo cha matenda am'fungulo ndikuthandizira mizu. Cherry yotsalayo ndiyodzichepetsa ndipo sikutanthauza ntchito yapadera ya wolima dimba.
Malamulo oyambira:
- Kuthirira. Kuthirira kumachitika kokha nyengo youma kwambiri, kuwongolera nthawi zonse chinyezi.
- Kuletsa. Cherry amamvetsetsa acidity ya nthaka. Ndi kupatuka kwamphamvu kuchokera pamavuto amchere amtchire, kagayidwe kamasokonezeka. Izi zimakhudza fruiting, chifukwa chake kuthira nthaka kumachitika zaka zisanu zilizonse.
- Kupewa matenda. Chithandizo chovomerezeka ndi fungicides nthawi yophukira komanso masika. Njirayi imachitika mu Seputembala komanso kusanachitike mphukira masika. Pachifukwa ichi, mtengowo umathiridwa ndi madzi a Bordeaux.
- Zovala zapamwamba. M'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, mmera sikuyenera kudyetsedwa. Zitsamba zazikulu zimadyetsedwa kawiri pachaka. M'dzinja mutatha kukolola mu thunthu bwalo pa 1 mita2 onjezerani: superphosphate (15 g), potaziyamu mankhwala enaake (20 g), mchaka chisanachitike mphukira - ammonium nitrate (20 g).
- Kukonzekera nyengo yozizira. Mbande zazing'ono zimapinda pansi ndikuphimbidwa ndi nthambi za spruce kapena udzu. Thupi lozungulira limadzaza ndi peat (30 cm).
- Tizirombo. Shrub imakonda kukhudzidwa ndi tizirombo. Kuopsa kwamatcheri ndikungogonjetsedwa kwakukulu kwamasamba ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pachifukwa ichi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira yofunikira pakukula zitsamba ndikudulira. Ziyenera kuchitika chaka chilichonse kuti muchepetse korona.
Kudulira
Zitsamba zamitundu yonse yamatcheri amtunduwu zimakonda kukulitsa korona. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri zokolola zawo, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kupanga korona ndikukhala ndi kuchuluka kwakulimba mzaka zotsatirazi.
Mapangidwe a korona wa chitsamba amachitika mchaka chachitatu mutabzala. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusankha tsiku lowala pakati pa Marichi, konzekerani kudulira ndikuthira munda.
Kudulira kumachitika kusanachitike kuyamwa kwa kuyamwa, komwe kumayambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa gawo lodzuka la impso. Ngati nthawi izi sizikupezeka, ndibwino kudikirira mpaka nthawi yophukira, mtengowo ukadzayamba kugonera. Kupanda kutero, tchire limawononga mphamvu pakubwezeretsa kuvulala, ndikuchepetsa ntchito yachitukuko. Nthawi zambiri, chitumbuwa chimadwala.
Njira zodulira:
- sankhani nthambi khumi ndi ziwiri zolimba;
- nthambi zodwala, zowonongeka ndi zowuma zimachotsedwa kwathunthu;
- zopitilira 50 cm zafupikitsidwa ndi 1/4.
M'zaka zotsatira, muyenera kutsatira izi nthawi zonse, kuwongolera kukula kwa zowonjezera. Ntchito yodulira pachaka ndi kupeza kuwala kwakukulu korona.
M'zaka zamtchire, kudulira kobwezeretsanso kumachitika. Mphukira zingapo zimachotsedwa panthawiyi. Zotsatira zake, mphukira zapachaka zimawoneka pafupi ndi mdulidwe. Pambuyo pake, ndikofunikira kudula mphukira zonse zakale zomwe zili pamwamba pawo. Kudulira komweku kumachitika kuti pakulitse kukula ndikubwezeretsanso tchire lachisanu.
Zigawo zimapangidwa pokhapokha pa impso zotukuka pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, madzi sadzadzikundikira pamtunda. Mukachotsa nthambi zonse, timadula pamwamba pa mkanda wa annular, kuphwanya lamuloli kumabweretsa mapangidwe ochulukirapo. Zilonda zazikulu ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi varnish yopyapyala.
Kubereka
Felt chitumbuwa chimafalikira ndi mbewu, zodula ndi kuyala. Njira iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake, kutengera momwe ndikofunikira kusankha njira yovomerezeka kwambiri. Kufalitsa mbewu
Posankha kubzala, ndikofunikira kulabadira momwe tchire lilili. Mbeu zabwino kwambiri zimakhala ndi mbewu za zipatso zakupsa, tchire lopanda popanda kuthira nthambi zopweteka ndi makungwa owala bwino.
Mbeu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zamkati, kutsukidwa ndi madzi ndikuumitsa pouma m'chipinda chamthunzi. Pambuyo pake, amawaika mumchenga wonyowa ndikuwachotsa m'chipinda chozizira.
Mafupa amafesedwa nyengo yachisanu isanafike. Pachifukwa ichi, mtunda wokhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso wolimidwa bwino umakonzedweratu. Mbeu zimabzalidwa m'nthaka masiku 15 chisanu chisanachitike.
Masamba obzala:
- Pamtunda pamakhala mzere wokhala ndi masentimita awiri ndikutalikirana kwa mzere masentimita 30
- mafupa amabzalidwa pamodzi ndi mchenga pamtunda wa masentimita 50 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake;
- pamwamba pake pamadzaza ndi utuchi kapena peat;
- Pambuyo pa tsamba lachinayi, chomeracho chimapukutidwa, kusiya mphukira zamphamvu zokha;
- mbande zikamakula mpaka 30 cm, uzitsine 1/3 wa muzu waukulu;
- isanathe nyengo yokula, feteleza atatu omwe ali ndi feteleza amadzimadzi amachitika;
- kuthirira kokha nyengo youma, kawiri pa sabata.
Mmera umasungidwa pamalo okhazikika pakatha zaka ziwiri. Zitsamba zobzalidwa motere zimayamba kubala zipatso pakatha zaka zinayi.
Chodziwika bwino cha chitumbuwa chomwe chimamverera ndikutetezera kwakukulu kwa zomwe mayi amamera zikafalikira ndi mbewu. Katunduyu ndi wosowa kwambiri ndipo m'miyambo yambiri imawonetsedwa pakangobereka masamba.
Kufalitsa ndi cuttings m'dzinja ndi masika
Njira yayikulu yofalitsira yamatcheri omverera ndi obiriwira obiriwira. Zodzala zimakololedwa m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za Juni kuchokera pazinthu zazing'ono, zikafika 15-20 cm.
Njira zoberekera:
- phesi lokhala ndi masamba 3-4 limadulidwa kuchokera pakukula;
- kudula kumunsi kumapangidwa pansi pa impso, kuyang'anitsitsa kutsetsereka kwa 45 °, kumtunda pamwamba pa impso - kopingasa;
- zodulira zimayikidwa kwa maola 12 pakulimbikitsa kolimbikitsa - yankho la heteroauxin (30 ml) ndi madzi (1 l);
- wowonjezera kutentha, mchenga wa calcined (4-5 cm) umatsanuliridwa pa nthaka yolemera;
- cuttings amabzalidwa mu gawo lapansi pamtunda wa masentimita 15 pamtunda wa 60 °, ndikusiya masamba awiri pamwamba.
The cuttings idzazika masiku 25-30. Munthawi imeneyi, wowonjezera kutentha amafunika kukhala ndi chinyezi chambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amasakaniza gawo lapansi. Musanabzala pamalo okhazikika, shrub imakula chaka chimodzi mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena pamtunda. Ndi njira yoberekera, shrub imayamba kubala zipatso patatha zaka zitatu.
Kulima kwamatcheri omverera ndikosangalatsa osati kwa okonda zokolola zokhazokha. Zipatso za shrub zimakhala ndi zakudya zambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pochiza matenda a atherosclerosis ndi matenda oopsa. Okonza zitsamba ndi malo amayamikiridwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira maheji kapena ngati chomera.
Ndipo pamapeto pake, kanema wachidule wamomwe mungasamalire yamatcheri omvera (kuphatikiza ma burgundy) mdera la Moscow: