Pali mitundu yambiri ya maula a chitumbuwa padziko lapansi, omwe ndi osiyana kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa zipatso, nthawi yakucha, komanso mikhalidwe ina yambiri. Chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri pakati pawo ndi Kuban comet cherry plum zosiyanasiyana,malongosoledwe ake omwe angapezeke pansipa.
Mbiri ya kuswana kwa maula a chitumbuwa Kuban comet
Kusintha kwa Kuban comet kunapangidwa ndi G.V. Eremina ndi S.N. Zabrodina pamalo oyeserera oyeserera a Crimea a All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Industry omwe adatchedwa N.I. Vavilov. Adabadwa chifukwa chakuwoloka kwa ma Skoroplodnaya maula ndi maula a chitumbuwa Pionerka... Choyamba, mu 1977, mitundu iyi idatengedwa kukayesedwa ndi boma. Ndipo patatha zaka 10 adalowetsedwa mu State Register ya North-West, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus ndi Lower Volga.
Makhalidwe a mtengo ndi zipatso, mafotokozedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, pollinator
Mitengo yamitunduyi imakhala yoperewera, monga lamulo, siyokwera kuposa 3 mita ndipo imapangidwa kuti iwoneke ngati shrub. Mitengoyi ndi yotuwa ndipo ili ndi nthambi zazifupi. Masamba obiriwira ndi owala osati osindikizira. Maluwa amatha kukhala ochepera pang'ono mpaka kukula ndi masamba oyera.
Zipatso zazikulu. Kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi pafupifupi magalamu 45.... Ndizoyenda mozungulira. Khungu lazipatso, ngakhale lili lopyapyala, koma lokwanira, lilinso ndi phula pang'ono. Zipatso zikayamba kupsa, zimayamba kufiira mwachikaso, zomwe pang'onopang'ono zimasanduka burgundy. Mbeu zimatha kukhala zazing'ono kapena zazing'ono. Zamkatazo zimakhala zachikasu ndipo zimakhala zosasinthasintha. Ndi yowutsa mudyo, yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chabwino cha shuga ndi acidity, chifukwa chake imakhala ndi kukoma kowawasa kofanana ndi apurikoti.
Zipatso zopitirira muyeso sizimatha nthawi yayitali, komanso zimakhala ndi mayendedwe abwino. Ngati sanalandire mtundu wa burgundy pamtengo, ndiye kuti adzausunga. Mutha kuwasunga m'firiji pafupifupi masiku 25.
Mitengo yambiri yamtengowu ndi yosagwira chisanu, imatha kupirira chisanu mpaka madigiri 30... Koma kulimbana ndi chisanu kwa maluwa ndikotsika pang'ono, koma ngakhale kuzizira kwambiri, zokololazo zidzakhalabe zabwino. Maluwawo amapulumukiranso chisanu cham'masika mosavuta.
Mtengo uwu umadodometsa kwambiri nthaka ndipo umatha kusintha mosiyanasiyana madera osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku Transcaucasia kupita ku Non-Black Earth Region ndi Southern Urals, South, Primorye. Komabe, dothi louma komanso loamy sizomuyenera iye.
Wonyamula mungu wa Kuban comet safunika, chifukwa Mitunduyi ili ndi mtundu wodziberekera wokha wosapezeka wa maula a chitumbuwa, koma kuti tiwonjezere chonde pafupi nawo, zingakhale zothandiza kubzala mitundu ina ya maula a chitumbuwa kapena maula achi China. Mwachitsanzo, monga Mara, Traveler, Red Ball ndi ena.
Mawu okhwima ndi kukolola
Zipatso zing'onozing'ono zimabala zipatso molawirira kwambiri, zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu mutabzala... Amayamba kuphulika kumapeto kwa Epulo, ndipo pakati pa Julayi - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, zipatso zimawonekera kale.
Mitengoyi imabala zipatso zambiri chaka chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, pamtengo wawung'ono mutha kusonkhanitsa pafupifupi 10 kg, ndipo kuchokera kumtengo waukulu pafupifupi 50 kg.
Ubwino ndi zovuta
Kubet comet zosiyanasiyana zili ndi maubwino ake, nazi zina mwa izi:
- zipatso zazikulu,
- zokolola zambiri,
- kukhwima msanga,
- chisanu kukana,
- kubereka pang'ono,
- kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda,
- ngati zipatsozo zapitirira, sizimagwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo sizikugwa,
- zipatso zake ndi zokoma.
Koma zosiyanasiyana sizabwino, zilinso ndi zovuta zake:
- fupa limasiyanitsidwa pang'ono ndi zamkati,
- kuti atsimikizire kukula kwa zipatso, ayenera kudulidwa, kuwasiya malo ambiri, pafupi wina ndi mnzake,
- zipatso zipsa mofanana.
Malamulo ofika
Mitengo yamitunduyi imabzalidwa kumayambiriro kwa masika kapena koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira.... Choyamba muyenera kusankha mbande zabwino. Ndi bwino kusankha iwo ndi mizu yotseka.
Mmera wabwino uli ndi izi:
- kutalika kuchokera 1 mpaka 1.20 mita,
- muzuwo umakhala ndi mizu yaying'ono yambiri yokhala ndi nthambi yabwino,
- pali impso zotupa
- khungwa liyenera kukhala lopanda zovulaza, zipsyera komanso kuda tizilombo,
- Ndikofunika kuti mdulidwewo ndi wonyowa, wachikasu wobiriwira.
Mbande ikasankhidwa, imadziwika ndi malo obzala.
Njira yabwino ingakhale chiwembu kumwera. Kubet comet sakonda mthunzi, ma drafti ndi mphepo zamphamvu. Ndikofunika kumubzala komwe angakhale ndi pogona.
Alycha amakonda dothi lamchenga komanso la acidic pang'ono. Kungakhale kwanzeru kusakaniza nthaka yobzala ndi humus (12 kg), superphosphate (250 magalamu) ndi potaziyamu sulfide (50 magalamu). Dzenje lodzala liyenera kukumbidwa 80x80x80 cm.
Masamba obzala:
- Nthaka yaying'ono imatsanuliridwa mu dzenje ngati phiri laling'ono.
- Ikani ndodo yamatabwa.
- Mzu wa mizu waikidwa kutalika kwa masentimita 6 kuchokera pansi.
- Kuphatikizana kwa dziko lapansi.
- Mmera umamangirizidwa ku ndodo yokhazikika.
- Fukani ndi zidebe ziwiri kapena zitatu zamadzi.
- Pamapeto pake, ma shavings amathiridwa pamwamba.
Pankhani yobzala mitengo ingapo, muyenera kutsatira mtunda wa mita zitatu pakati pawo.
Samalani comet coman
Mitunduyi imakonda kwambiri chinyezi, chifukwa chake iyenera kuthiriridwa mopitilira nthawi yokula. Amachita izi mu Juni, Julayi ndi Seputembara. Mtengo umodzi umafuna malita 40 amadzi. Pambuyo kuthirira, onetsetsani kuti muwonjezera shavings.
Mtengo umadulidwa kapena kufupikitsidwa chaka chilichonse ndipo korona amachepetsedwa. Nthawi zambiri amapanga mawonekedwe opindika ngati mbale.
Kudulira kwakukulu kumachitika mchaka.... Munthawi imeneyi, korona amapangidwa ndipo nthambi zowuma ndi zowonongeka zimadulidwa. M'dzinja, nthambi zowuma, zotsalira komanso matenda amadulidwa. Kudulira nthawi yachilimwe kumachitika pakafunika kutero, ndikudula mphukira zazing'ono zomwe zimamera mkati mwa korona.
Kubet comet imayenera kuthiridwa umuna pachaka... Kupatula ndi chaka choyamba mutabzala mtengo, ngati udabzalidwa m'nthaka yodyetsedwa.
Feteleza imachitika motere:
- kugwa Thirani humus pamlingo wa theka la ndowa pa 1 mita imodzi,
- mtengowo utatha, onjezerani magalamu 40 a urea pa mita imodzi lalikulu,
- mutatha kubala zipatso umuna ndi potaziyamu sulphate, 30 magalamu pa 1 mita lalikulu.
Mtengo wachinyamata, mzaka zoyambirira za moyo wawo, uyenera kuphimbidwa nyengo yachisanu, mwachitsanzo, ndi burlap.
Ndikoletsedwa kupanga pogona ndi polyethylene. Simuyenera kuteteza coman comet ndi udzu kapena udzu, chifukwa makoswe amatha kukhazikika pamenepo.
Matenda ndi tizilombo toononga
Kuban comet imagonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndipo ngati itasamalidwa bwino ndikuchiritsidwa munthawi yake, sipadzakhala vuto. Vuto ndiloti tizirombo ndi matenda ochokera kumitengo yoyandikira amapitako. Izi zimakhudza matenda amtundu womwewo monga maula wamba.:
- imvi zowola,
- bulauni,
- dzimbiri,
- chingamu kutuluka.
Kuvunda imvi
Mafinya a Botrytis amayambitsa imvi zowola. Malo obadwira matendawa ndi sclerotia ndi conidia, omwe ali pansi ndikubzala zinyalala.... Zikakhala kuti matendawa amakhudza Kuban comet, nthambi zimayamba kufota ndipo zimawoneka zonyezimira, ndipo zotuluka zazing'ono zimaoneka pakhungwa ndi zipatso. Zipatso zimayamba kuvunda.
Kuwononga zowola zakuda, mitengo imathiridwa ndi sulphate yamkuwa ndi Nitrofen isanafike maluwa, omwe amafunika kuthandizidwa ndi matabwa ndi nthaka. Ndiponso pambuyo maluwa, Kaptan ndi Kuprozan amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pofuna kupewa matendawa, mitengo imayenera kupopera mankhwalawa pokonzekera masika koyambirira:
- 1% burgundy madzi
- buru wamanja wa zipatso zakhudzidwa
- choyera.
Malo abulawuni
Brown malo, kapena amatchedwanso tsamba nkhungu, ndi matenda a fungal. Nthawi zina chifukwa cha izi, pafupifupi 50% ya mbewu amatha kufa.... Matendawa amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a masamba a bulauni mawanga ndi malire amdima, omwe ali ndi kadontho kakuda pakati. Popita nthawi, masamba amauma ndikugwa.
Mitengo yolimbana ndi nkhungu yofiirira imayenera kuthandizidwa ndi 1% burgundy solution Maluwawo akangoyamba kuphuka komanso ndi mankhwala enaake amkuwa pakatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu atayamba maluwa.
Njira zodzitetezera kumateteza motere:
- muyenera kuchotsa nthambi zowonongeka,
- masamba asanakwane, muyenera kupopera mtengo ndi nthaka ndi 1% ya sulfate yamkuwa.
Dzimbiri
Mtundu wina wa matenda a fungal ndi dzimbiri. Mu matendawa, mawanga otupa amawoneka pamasamba, omwe pamapeto pake amasandulika ma pads amdima.... Mtengo umachiritsidwa ndi dzimbiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi za Julayi. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Aktofit. Mitengoyi imapopera kawiri kawiri ndi masabata 2-3.
Pofuna kupewa dzimbiri pakuukira Kuban comet, njira zodzitetezera ziyenera kuchitidwa:
- 3% yankho la carbamide limapopera pamtengo koyambirira kwamasika,
- masamba akagwa, amatengedwa ndi kuwotchedwa.
Chithandizo cha chingamu
Ndizoopsa chifukwa zimatha kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kukula kwa mtengo, ndipo pakapita nthawi, ngakhale kuwuwononga.
Chithandizo cha chingamu si matenda a fungal. Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri zomwe zidachitikira. Nawa omwe amapezeka kwambiri:
- nyengo yovuta yozizirachifukwa chake mtengo udawuma,
- amayaka analandiridwa kuchokera padzuwa,
- Kudulira kolakwika, chifukwa mtengo udawonongeka,
- makina khungwa kuwonongeka,
- wokulirapo kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi kuthirira,
- matenda khungwa lakhungu.
Mukasanthula mtengo, mutha kuwona chingamu (zotulutsa utomoni wa amber) pama nthambi ake, izi zikuwonetsa kuti mtengowo umakhudzidwa ndi matendawa. Mutha kuchiza coman comet kuchokera ku matendawa nyengo yonse.... Mukadulira, onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito petrolatum m'magawo. Ndiponso kudula zophuka za chingamu. Malo omwe anali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 1% yothira sulphate wokutira wokutidwa ndi Negrol putty.
Kuti musachite kuthana ndi chingamu kwa nthawi yayitali, muyenera kuchita zinthu zodzitetezera:
- acidity ya nthaka sayenera kulowerera ndale,
- kutsatira mosamalitsa nthawi ya umuna,
- pewani madzi.
Pakati pa tizirombo tomwe timakonda kupindula ndi Kuban comet, todziwika kwambiri:
- zipatso mtengo,
- kachilomboka kakang'ono kopanda kumadzulo,
- mbozi yopyapyala,
- njenjete.
Zipatso sapwood
Zikakhala kuti pali chingamu pamtengo, ndipo magawo opingasa okhala ndi m'mimba mwake 1 mpaka 2 amawoneka pamitengo ndi thunthu, zikutanthauza kuti zipatso zamitengo yakhazikika pamtengowo.
Asanatenge nthawi yopumira dzira, zazikazi zimadya nyamazo m'munsi mwa impso. Mphutsi zikaonekera, zimadya makungwa ndi mizu. Kuti awononge tizirombo izi, mtengowo umapopera kumapeto kwa maluwa.... Mankhwalawa amachitika kawiri ndikudutsa masiku 14.
Kotero kuti zipatso zamtengo wapatali sizigwera pamtengo, muyenera kuwona nthambi zowuma ndikuwotcha nthawi yomweyob. Makungwa ake amatsuka moss ndi ndere, ndipo mtengowo umayeretsedwa.
Khungwa losasunthika lakumadzulo
Osadandaula kudya khungwa, komanso nkhuni za mtengowu komanso kachilomboka kakang'ono kosazolowera kumadzulo. Kafadala amaikira mazira ndi mphutsi, ndipo zikatha, zimayamwa timadziti ta mtengo. Ndikofunika kukonza mtengo pamene tizirombo timatuluka pansi pa khungwa. Kuti afe, ndibwino kuthira khungwa ndi Dichlorvos kapena Chlorophos.
Njira zodzitetezera kuti tizilombo tisamawonekere ndi izi:
- nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa zimadulidwa ndikuwotchedwa,
- ngati mtengowo wakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kachilomboka, ndibwino kuti uzule ndi kuutentha,
- Mtengo usanayambe kuphuka, uyenera kuthandizidwa ndi Trichlorol-5.
Mbozi ya silika
Zimapweteketsa masamba a Kuban comet, ndipo nthiti zake ndi cocoons zimapezeka mu korona. Mtengo umapopera kuchokera kuzilombo izi nthawi yokula. Mankhwala a Virin-ENZH athandizanso pa izi. Komanso muyenera kusonkhanitsa tizilombo ndi cocoons ndi manja, kenako zimawotchedwa kapena kukwiriridwa mdzenje, osachepera theka la mita.
Pofuna kupewa mawonekedwe a mbozi ya silika, muyenera utsi ndi Nitrofen ngakhale masamba asanawonekere.
Zipatso njenjete
Tizilombo tina toyambitsa matenda ndi njenjete, yomwe imaikira mazira pamwamba pa khungwa kapena zipatso. Malasankhuli a tizilombo timalowa chipatso, amayamba kukhala nyongolotsi ndikugwa. Ndikofunika kukonza mtengo kuchokera ku njenjete masiku 20 utatha... Kupopera mbewu kumachitika katatu ndi masiku 12, ndikukonzekera monga Avant, Rogor-S, Fosban ndi Ditox.
Pofuna kupewa kupitiriza kwa njenjete, kugwa, amayeretsa khungwa la mbozi ndi cocoons, amatola zipatso zakugwa, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito malamba.
Ngati mumasamalira bwino coman comet, ndiye mtengowo ubweretsa zokolola zabwino ndikukula wathanzi komanso wokongola, ndipo banja lonse lingasangalale ndi zipatso zake zokoma.