Mitundu ya mphesa ya Muscat imakhala yotchuka chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo kuyambira kale. Analimidwa ku Greece ndi Egypt, mitundu iyi inali yotchuka kwambiri ku Italy ndi France. Dzinalo Mphesa za Muscat zimalandiridwa chifukwa chakumva kukoma ndi fungo, zomwe mabulosiwo amapeza chifukwa chakupezeka kwa musk mmenemo. Mu 1828 idabweretsedwa kudera la Crimea, komwe imalimidwa bwino pakadali pano ndipo ndichotengera mitundu yabwino kwambiri yamavinyo a muscat.
Ubwino wolima mphesa za Muscat
Mitundu ya Muscat imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zaminga zomwe zimapezeka pakhungu la zipatso. Komanso, mabulosiwa amakhala ndi ma phytoncides, omwe amathandiza m'matumbo microflora komanso pamtima.
Mutha kulima mitundu ya nutmeg kumadera ofunda, popeza samagonjera kutentha.
Ndi bwino kubzala nthawi yachaka, masambawo akadali matalala. Izi zimathandiza kuti mizu iyambe bwino. Poterepa, mphukira zizilandira zonse zofunikira kuchokera ku mizu, osati kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa mumtengo wamphesa.
Ngati kubzala kunachitika mu kugwa, ndiye kuti kumayambiriro kwa Meyi padzakhala mphukira zobiriwira zobiriwira pa mmera. Ngati mmera udabzalidwa mozama masentimita 30, ndiye kuti mchaka ndikofunikira kuchotsa masentimita 15 osanjikiza mozungulira mmera, potero amapanga dzenje mozungulira mmera kuti mizu ifundire bwino. Dzenjelo ndiyabwino kuthirira mmera wa chaka chimodzi, chifukwa kuthirira kuyenera kuchitidwa pazu. Muyenera kuthirira mmera kamodzi masiku asanu ndi awiri. Kumwa madzi pachitsamba chilichonse ndi zidebe ziwiri.
Njira yotsatira yomwe iyenera kutsatiridwa ndikuwombera kwachizolowezi. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuchotsa mphukira zofooka. Izi zimachitika kuti chitsamba sichidya zakudya zochulukirapo, koma zimawongolera kukukula kwa mphukira zathanzi, zolimba. Mphukira zotsalira ziyenera kuikidwa pamwamba pamtengo wosatha, pamene mphukira zapansi zimachotsedwa ndipo masamba omwe sanawukitsidwe amakhalabe ngati masamba azipatso za nyengo yotsatira ngati tchire lingapezenso mphamvu. Mphukira zotsalira ziyenera kukhala kunja kwa tchire. Izi, popanga chitsamba, zimapereka mwayi wabwino wochotsa malaya.
Nthaka ikatha kutentha mpaka madigiri 25 mutathirira, dzenjelo liyenera kukwiriridwa. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito udzu pa izi. Mulch adzathandiza kuti dothi lapamwamba lisaume ndipo lithandizira kugawa chinyezi, komanso kupewa kuwonekera kwa namsongole.
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri
Mwa mitundu yambiri ya nutmeg, omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi awa:
- Zosintha;
- Woyera;
- Blau;
- Chilimwe;
- Donskoy;
- Kulankhula;
- Chisangalalo cha Muscat;
- Madeleine.
Zovuta
Anagwidwa ndi woweta ku Russia Pavlovsky. Amatanthauza oyambirira kukhwima mitundu. Nthawi yakucha ya chipatso ndi masiku 100. Mitengoyi ndi yowutsa mudyo, yozungulira mozungulira, yofiirira yofiira imasanduka chitumbuwa. Ali ndi mbewu zitatu, khungu ndi lochepa. Zipatsozi sizimakonda kuwonongeka, zimakhala ndi zonunkhira za nutmeg ndizolemba za caramel. Mabulosi onse amalemera mpaka magalamu 10, kulemera kwa gulu kumakhala magalamu 500. Kuchuluka kwa shuga mu zipatso ndi 30. Imalekerera kutsika kwa kutentha mpaka -24 madigiri. Mbewuyo imatha kusiya mpesa kwa nthawi yayitali, pomwe siyimataya kukoma kwake.
Dera lokuliralo liyenera kukhala lowala ndi dzuwa komanso kutetezedwa ku mphepo. Amapereka zokolola zambiri akakula pa nthaka ya chernozem ndi acidity.
Ngati acidity ya nthaka yawonjezeka, m'pofunika kuwonjezera phulusa kapena laimu.
Nthawi yabwino yobzala ndi masika. Mutha kudzala mbande zonse ziwiri ndi kulumikiza kumtengowo. Maenje obzala ayenera kukhala ndi ngalande zosanjikiza. Ikani maenjewo pamtunda wa mamitala asanu wina ndi mnzake.
Njira zosamalira:
- kuthirira;
- kumasula;
- zovala zapamwamba;
- mankhwala olimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda.
Atha kutenga matenda monga:
- zakuda zowola;
- imvi zowola;
- klorosis.
Chithandizo ndi 3% Bordeaux madzi amalimbikitsidwa.
Tizilombo tomwe timakhudza mphesa izi ndi:
- kangaude;
- mpukutu wamasamba;
- nkhuku - kuyabwa.
Pofuna kuwononga tizirombazi, tchire amapopera ndi phytosporin.
Oyera
Gulu la mitundu White - cylindrical, kulemera kwake ndi 120 g, ngakhale kumatha kufikira 450 g. Zipatsozo ndizapakatikati, kuzungulira, ndimanunkhira pang'ono komanso zamkati. Shuga mu zipatso ndi 20-30%. Mitunduyi imasiyanasiyana ndi zipatso zosakaniza.
Tchire lamphesa loyera ndilolimba, limabala zipatso zambiri (mpaka 60-100 centres pa hekitala). Amatha masiku pafupifupi 140, zokolola zimakololedwa mochedwa kwambiri kotero kuti zipatsozo zipeze shuga wambiri. Mphesa zoyera bwino ndizoyenera kupanga vinyo.
Donskoy
Inagwidwa mu 1946 ku Potapenko Research Institute ndi gulu la obereketsa. Ndi mitundu yosakanizidwa yakucha msanga. Zipatso zakupsa zimachitika m'masiku 115-125. Zipatsozo ndi zakuda buluu, zozungulira, zazing'ono, zowutsa mudyo mokwanira. Khungu ndi lolimba komanso losalala. Ali ndi mbeu 2-3, kuchuluka kwa shuga mpaka 30%. Mabulosi onse amalemera mpaka magalamu awiri. Mabulashi ozungulira, osalimba, kulemera kwa burashi iliyonse kuchokera magalamu 160 mpaka 250. Kupirira mpaka -28 madigiri chisanu.
Imatha kulimbana ndi matenda a fungal. Zowonongeka kwambiri ndi phylloxera... Pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa, chithandizo ndi Confidora chikufunika. Nthaka yoyandikana ndi tchire imakutidwa ndi mchenga wabwino.
Zokha zopangira mchere ndi vinyo wouma.
Blau
Dziko lakwawo la mphesa ndi Switzerland. Ndi ya mitundu yakukhwima koyambirira. Zipatso zamtunduwu ndi zazikulu kukula, zili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, mtundu wakuda. Ili ndi fupa limodzi lalikulu. Unyinji wa mabulosi aliwonse ndi magalamu 5... Magulu azinthu zazing'ono, olemera magalamu 300, otayirira. Kulimbana ndi kutentha mpaka madigiri -23.
Ngakhale kulimbana ndi chisanu, zokolola zambiri zimapezeka mukamakula mu wowonjezera kutentha. Chifukwa china chabwino chomwe tikulimbikitsira kuti tizikula munyumba yosungira ndiwo kulanda mavu. Ngati tchire limakula mumsewu, tchire liyenera kuthandizidwa ndikukonzekera mwapadera. Amawonetsa chitetezo chokwanira kumatenda a fungal ndipo amakana kulimba.
Ubwino wina wosiyanasiyana wa Blau ukuwonetsedwa poti safunikira kusankha malo owala bwino. Kukula mumthunzi sikumakhudza mtundu wa zokolola.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndizapadziko lonse lapansi. Amadya mwatsopano, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga vinyo.
Silola kuloleza mphesa ndi zipatso. Pakachuluka, kulawa kumawonongeka ndipo zipatsozo zimakhala zochepa. Kugawa zipatso ndikofunikira!
Chilimwe
Zosiyanasiyana zoyambirira, kuchokera pomwe idaphukira mpaka kucha, masiku 110-120 amapita... Mphesa iyi ndi shrub yolimba yomwe ili ndi masango akuluakulu a 600-700 g. Zipatso ndi zoyera, zazikulu 7-8 g, mawonekedwe ozungulira, zamkati zimakhala zokoma, zowutsa mudyo. Pakati pa kucha kwathunthu, zipatsozo zimakhala ndi shuga 17-20%.
Chilimwe Chosakanizidwa ndichosazizira kwambiri, chimapilira mpaka -23 ° C, Amakhala ndi chitetezo chazithunzithunzi ndi sing'anga. Zimasiyana poyenda kwambiri.
Zabwino
Adabadwa ku Bulgaria mumzinda wa Pleven, chifukwa chake amatchedwa. Zosiyanazo ndizoyambirira kwambiri, zokolola kwambiri, zokolola zake pachitsamba ndi 60 kg. Nthawi yakucha ndi mpaka masiku 100. Zipatsozo ndizokulu, zachikaso, kulemera kwa mabulosi aliwonse mpaka magalamu 10. Kukoma ndi kowawa-kotsekemera komanso kosangalatsa maluwa, ali ndi mbewu 3-4. Khungu ndi lolimba, motero limalekerera mayendedwe bwino. Maburashiwa ndi akulu, ozungulira, osakanikirana.
Osasankha zakukula. M'malo okhala ndi mthunzi, zimapereka zokolola zofanana ndi m'malo owala bwino. Kuyendetsa mungu sikukhudzidwa ndi nyengo. Amakonda kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi mchere m'nthaka. Frost kukana - mpaka -24 madigiri.
Atengeke ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga. Njira zodzitetezera ndizovomerezeka!
Popanda chithandizo chapadera, amadwala matenda:
- oidium;
- cinoni.
Kuwonongeka ndi tizirombo monga:
- phylloxera;
- mphutsi za mphesa;
- mavu.
Zosangalatsa
Zosiyanasiyana ndikukhwima koyambirira, kosamva chisanu. Kutuluka nthawi masiku 115-120. Zipatsozo ndi zokoma, zazikulu, zazitali, zoyera ndi zachikasu. Unyinji wa mabulosi onse ndi magalamu 10-12. Kuchuluka kwa shuga mu zipatso kuli pakati pa 20 ndi 26%. Masango ndi akulu, opangidwa ndi cone, olemera mpaka 2 kg. Ili ndi zokolola zochuluka - zana zana limodzi pa hekitala
Malo omwe amafikira ayenera kukhala owala bwino ndi dzuwa komanso otetezedwa ku mphepo. Makonda amapatsidwa dothi la chernozem kapena loam yopepuka. Zitsambazi zimabzalidwa patali mamita 4-6 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira kumatenda, koma amatha kuwonongeka ndi phylloxera.
Ndikofunikira kutengera tchire kawiri ndi nyengo ndi phytosporin.
Madeleine
Madeleine ndi wa mphesa zoyamba kukhwima. Zipatso zopota, zowutsa mudyo, kukoma kokoma ndi zonunkhira za nutmeg, zachikasu. Ili ndi mbewu 1-2, zomwe zili ndi zipatso kuchokera ku 19 mpaka 21%. Brush ya tapered yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kulemera kwa magalamu 230 mpaka 270.
Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi zokolola zambiri. Komabe, zipatsozi zimakonda kuwonongeka ndi kuvunda. Anabzala patali mita 1.5 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mtunda wapakati pamizere osachepera 2 mita. Zosiyanasiyana sizilimbana ndi matenda, Amafuna chithandizo chololedwa kuchokera ku tizirombo ndi matenda.
Mitundu ya mphesa ya Muscat ikutchuka kwambiri osati ku Crimea kokha. Amalimidwa bwino kumadera ena. Mukatsatira malamulo obzala komanso mosamala, mutha kusangalala ndi zipatso zabwino ndipo imwani kapu ya vinyo wonunkhira.