Tomato amakula bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana mdziko lathu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi hybrids zimathandiza kusankha mitundu yoyenera kwambiri pamikhalidwe. Komabe, Pali zochitika pamene zomera zimatenga kachilombo, zimadwala... Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala okonzekera zotere, kuti mudziwe momwe mungathetsere vutoli. M'nkhani yathu, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane matenda amtundu wa tomato - kuwola kwa imvi, komanso momwe angachiritsire.
Kodi kuvunda pa tomato ndi chiyani
Kutentha ndi matenda owopsa omwe amawononga mbewu zosiyanasiyana zamasamba, kuphatikiza tomato. Kuchotsa mbewu kwa iyo ndi nthawi yochuluka, yayitali.... Kupambana kwake kumatsimikizika makamaka pakufunika kwakanthawi kwa njira zodzitetezera komanso kuzindikira koyenera kwa matendawa.
Matendawa amayamba bwanji?
Matendawa amayamba ndikuwononga tsinde lovulala. M'madera okhudzidwa, mawanga a utoto wofiirira amapangidwa. Ndiye Amakula m'mbali mwa tsinde pasanathe masiku asanu, amazungulira... Kenako malowo amawala, mikwingwirima imawonekera m'malo mwake. Sabata yoyamba, kulibe bowa wowola wakuda pomwepo. Matendawa amayamba mu tsinde. Gawo la tsinde limatha kufa, kudzera mwa ilo chakudya cha mbewu chimasiya, chimafota. Masamba pamwamba pa dera lomwe lakhudzidwa amatembenukira chikaso.
Zizindikiro za imvi zowola ndizofanana ndi za pith necrosis. Koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu. Ndi necrosis, chomeracho chidzafota, ndipo ndi imvi zowola, gawo lokha la mbewu lomwe lili pamwambapa limafota. Chofunika koposa, pambuyo pa masiku 7-10 kuyambira nthawi yovulala, pachimake phulusa-imvi imawonekera pomwepo, yomwe matendawa amatha kudziwika mwapadera.
Mulingo woyenera kwambiri pakukula kwa matendawa ndi chinyezi chambiri. Zimakula pakapangidwe ka zipatso, zomwe zimakhudza magawo onse am'mlengalenga. Kumayambiriro kwa matenda (a mbewu iliyonse), matendawa amafalikira pang'onopang'ono... Koma pakafika nyengo yabwino, imafalikira mwachangu kuzitsamba zoyandikana nazo. Ngati agawidwa kwambiri, atha kuwononga mbewu zambiri.
Njira yotumizira ndiyabwino. Zomera zina zamasamba zitha kukhala magwero a matenda: nkhaka, letesi, ndi zina zambiri.
Mitundu yovunda
Pali matenda angapo, ogwirizana ndi dzina limodzi - zowola.
Kuvunda imvi
Matenda a fungal... Maonekedwe ake amaputa Botrytis cinerea Pers. Matendawa amatha kukhudza zipatso zomwe zakula m'malo otenthetsa komanso kuthengo. Pogawidwa, pamafunika chinyezi chambiri, zakudya zopanda thanzi (feteleza wochulukirapo wa nayitrogeni). Mawonetseredwe akunja a matendawa:
- kuvunda kwa chipatso cha mtundu waimvi;
- mawonekedwe fluffy pachimake;
- tsamba;
- tsinde lomwe lakhudzidwa.
Matendawa amafalikira kuchokera kubzala ndikudzala... Akakhala ndi kachilombo, amafota ndikufa msanga. Zipatso zovunda zikapezeka, ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonongedwa (kuwotchedwa kapena kuyikidwa m'manda), koma palibe zomwe zatsala pamulu wa kompositi.
Kuvunda kofiirira
Kuvunda kofiirira kumatchedwanso phomosis. Matendawa ndiofala kwambiri. Malo owonongera mbewu ali pafupi ndi phesi... Bowa amalowa m'mimba mwa mwana chifukwa chophwanya umphumphu wake chifukwa cha mvula kapena mphepo. Kunja, sizotheka nthawi zonse kudziwa matendawa, chifukwa chipatso chimakhala ndimadontho ang'onoang'ono abulauni. Komabe, chipatso cha phwetekere chidzaola. Matendawa amatha kukwiyitsidwa ndikudyetsa mbewu ndi manyowa atsopano, zomwe ndizosafunikira kwa iwo.
Kuvunda koyera
Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mbewuyo imawonongeka posungira. Zomwe zimayambitsa bowa ndi kompositi ndi nthaka.
Zizindikiro:
- madzi ndi kusintha kwa masamba a masamba;
- zipatso zokutidwa ndi pachimake choyera.
Nthawi zambiri, zowola zoyera zimapezeka m'malo owonongeka a chipatso.
Zowonjezera pazoyambitsa matendawa ndi: nthaka yomwe sinatetezedwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kutentha kochepa mu wowonjezera kutentha (pansi pa 18 ° C) mukamabzala, chinyezi chambiri.
Kuvunda kwambiri pa tomato
Vertex rot imakhudza tomato yomwe imabzalidwa m'nyumba zosungira ndi m'malo obiriwira. Matendawa amafalikira mwachangu kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwononga mbewu posakhalitsa. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zimawoneka ngakhale mu zipatso zosakhwima.: Mawanga amadzi ndi akuda kwambiri kuposa chipatso. Kenako banga limasanduka la bulauni, chipatso chimafota ndikugwa. Nkhungu zimatha kupezeka pamalo owola, koma matendawa alibe mawonekedwe oyambira. Zifukwa zazikulu:
- kuuma;
- kuthirira kokwanira;
- nthaka yamchere;
- kusowa kwa calcium kapena kuchuluka kwake mu feteleza.
Kuvunda kwakukulu kumakhudza tomato wambiri yemwe amalimidwa m'malo otenthetsa.
Rhizoctonia kapena mizu zowola
Muzu wovunda wa tomato ndi wamba, womwe umatchedwanso mwendo wakuda... Amayambitsidwa ndi tizirombo tambiri: bowa wa phytopathogenic: Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora, kapena bakiteriya wa phytopathogenic Erwiniacarotovora. Tomato, omwe amalimidwa m'nyumba zosungira pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lapansi, amatha kudwala. Mpaka 70% yazomera zazing'ono zimatha kufa ndi matendawa.
Zinthu zazikulu:
- khola la mizu lofewa;
- kuda kwake;
- mawonekedwe a kudzimbidwa.
Pambuyo pa kuwonekera kwa zizindikirozi, chomeracho chimafota ndikufa.Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a phwetekere ndi monga: kutentha kwambiri kwa mpweya, kuthirira gawo lapansi kwambiri, kusalinganirana pakudya ndi mchere.
Kodi kuvunda pa tomato kumachokera kuti?
Kuvunda ndi matenda a mafangasi. Kuti mupewe zovuta zake, muyenera kudziwa chifukwa chake zikuwonekera. Olima wamaluwa odziwa zambiri amatchula zinthu zingapo zovuta zomwe mitundu yowola ingayambike.
Ambiri ndi awa:
- dothi losagwedezeka kapena gawo lapansi, momwe spores ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tatsala pang'ono kupulumuka, imayambitsa matenda akulu azomera m'malo owonjezera kutentha;
- pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu zomwe sizinayesedwe, makamaka nthawi zambiri awo;
- osasunga chinyezi cha mpweya mu wowonjezera kutentha, kudzikundikira kwambiri chinyezi mukamathirira mbewu kumabweretsa matenda opatsirana ndi fungal;
- sizowopsa komanso kuthirira kokwanirakuyambira pamenepo Poterepa, chomeracho chimasowa chakudya, chimafooka, chimakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi matenda amtundu uliwonse, kuphatikiza matenda a fungal.
Kutsata kutentha, chinyezi komanso kuthirira kumathandizira kukulitsa tomato wabwino.
Kukonzekera motsutsana ndi imvi zowola
Mankhwala a kuvunda kwa tomato adakhazikika bwino. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochedwa, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito. Njira zofala kwambiri zomwe sizitengedwa sizothandiza mokwanira chifukwa cha matenda olakwika.
Njira yolumikizidwa iyenera kuchitidwa poteteza mbewu. Chofunika kwambiri ndikutanthauzira kwakanthawi kwa matenda oyambira. Makamaka ayenera kuperekedwa pakusamalira mosamala mbewu.: izi zithandiza kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa mabala kudzera momwe wothandizirayo amapatsira mosavuta tomato.
Pakati pa nyengo yokula, ndikofunikira kuyendera mbewu nthawi zonse kuti muzindikire zizindikilo zoyambirira zowola. Makamaka ayenera kulipidwa pantchitoyi poswa masamba nthawi yamvula.... Mukapeza zozama za matendawa, valani tomato ndi phala ndi fungicides. Chithandizo chazomera chimachitika ngati sipakanakhala chipatso chokwanira pa nthawi yomwe matendawa amayamba. Kuti mupeze chithandizo chokhazikika, wamaluwa odziwa ntchito amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito Topsin M, Bayleton, Euparen multi.
Oyang'anira kukula... Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium humate panthawi yokula kumachepetsa mwayi wakukula ndi kufalikira kwa imvi zowola.
Zachilengedwe... Chithandizo chodzitchinjiriza cha mbeu ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa Trichodermin, makamaka itaduka masamba, imachepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa matenda opatsirana mobwerezabwereza. Cholinga chomwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka mawanga onyowa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa Trichodermin, Glyocladin. Njirayi ndi nthawi yambiri, koma yothandiza kwambiri. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kupopera mabala atsopano ndi masamba a Trichodermin akachotsedwa kwambiri. Sakanizani tomato masana kuti awume.
Palibe hybrids yolimbana ndi imvi zowola za tomato, F1 Pilgrim ndi F1 Vasilievna ndi ololera.
Njira zodzitetezera
Matenda aliwonse ndi osavuta kupewa kuposa kuchiritsa. Mawu awa akugwiranso ntchito kwa tomato. Kutsata zomwe agronomic ikufuna kuti mulime tomato zithandizira kukulitsa, kukolola ndikusunga zokolola zabwino. Muyenera kumvera chiyani?
- Kusamala feteleza amchere.
- Kusamalira molondola kwa mbewu... Nthambi zosweka zingayambitse matenda.
- Kuphimba nthaka, zomwe zingakhudze katundu wake ndipo sizidzauma.
- Kuteteza kwa Hypothermia nthawi yobzala.
- Tetezani chomera pazosayenera nyengo (kutsika m'malo otenthetsa).
- Kusunga mtunda woyenera pakati pazomera pakulandila kwawo zinthu zofunikira.
- Panthawi yake komanso mokwanira kuthira tizilombo m'nthaka.
- Kusankha ndi kukonza mbewu.
Mapeto
Kuvunda kulikonse ndi koopsa. Amatha kuwononga kwathunthu mbewu zomwe zakula. Zochepa, zowola zimafalikira mosavuta munthawi yochepa kuchokera ku mbeu imodzi kupita ku ina... Pofuna kupewa zovuta, samalani kuti mupewe matendawa.