Zipatso za phwetekere zimakhala ndi thanzi labwino, kulawa komanso mawonekedwe azakudya, ndichifukwa chake zimawerengedwa kuti ndiwo ndiwo ndiwo zamasamba ambiri. Kuti mupeze zipatso zoyambirira, anthu ambiri okhala mchilimwe amaika malo obiriwira patsamba lawo. Koma kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino zokolola phwetekere, muyenera kudziwa zonse zomwe zikukula komanso momwe mungabzalidwe zomera m'nyumba zosungira.
Mbali za kukula kwa tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha
Choyamba, pokonza wowonjezera kutentha, m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti mkatimo muli kuyatsa kokwanira ndimasana onse ndi mpweya wabwino wabwino. Ngati ndikosavuta kukwaniritsa izi mnyumba, m'chipinda pazenera, ndiye kuti wowonjezera kutentha muyenera kuwona mawonekedwe ake.
Musanabzala phwetekere, ziwalo zachitsulo zimayenera kuthiridwa mankhwala ndi madzi otentha, ndipo matabwawo ndi mkuwa sulphate. Zitatha izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kutulutsa wowonjezera kutentha kwa tsiku limodzi kenako ndikuyamba kubzala.
Kupulumuka kwabwino kwa mbande, komanso kukula kwawo kumadalira pazinthu zambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kutsatira mawonekedwe onse owongolera tsatane-tsatane.
Kukonzekera nthaka ya tomato
Tomato osavomerezeka kubzala chaka chilichonse m'nthaka yomweyo... Njira yabwino ndikubwezeretsa dothi kwathunthu. Ngati izi sizingatheke, mutha kudzipulumutsa m'madzi: Bordeaux madzi, ufa wa dolomite, kapena kungotsanulira ndi madzi otentha.
Kulima bwino mabedi
Mizere yobzala imayamba kulimidwa sabata limodzi musanadzalemo. Kuchuluka kwa mabedi kumadalira kukula kwa wowonjezera kutentha. Kutalika bwino kwa njira imodzi kumaganiziridwa - 60-90 masentimita, ndipo kutalika ndi 40 cm... Ndikofunikira kusiya ndime 60 cm pakati pamizere, chifukwa panthawiyi zidzakhala zosavuta kuchita ntchito yaukadaulo.
Feteleza nthaka musanadzalemo
Ngati dothi siliri lachonde, liyenera kudyetsedwa kuti lipeze zokolola zambiri. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera humus ku dothi pamlingo wa 10 kg. 1 sq.m. komanso 1 tbsp. l. potaziyamu sulphate ndi 2 tbsp. superphosphate. Komanso, feteleza amafunika kukumba bwino ndi nthaka.
Mosasamala kanthu za chonde kwa nthaka, musanadzalemo mbande, iyenera kuthiriridwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate pamlingo wa 1 g pa 10 malita. madzi.
Njira yobwerera
Kuti tomato alandire kuwala kokwanira ndi michere pakukula, ndikofunikira kukonzekera malo obzala pasadakhale. Malinga ndi malingaliro a akatswiri, njira yobzala phwetekere imadalira mitundu yawo.
Chifukwa chake, yankho labwino kwambiri limalingaliridwa dongosolo lolowera, ndi mtunda wotsatira:
- Mitundu yotsika kwambiri... Kuti phwetekere la mtundu uwu lilandire kuyatsa bwino, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tibzale m'mphepete mwa wowonjezera kutentha. Mtunda wapakati pazomera uyenera kukhala 30 - 40 cm, pakati pamizere - 50 cm.
- Columnar mitundu... Tomato wotere amabzalidwa pakati pa phiri, poganizira kutalika kwa tchire 20 - 25 cm, pakati pa mizere 40 - 45 cm.
- Mbewu zazitali... Mitundu yotereyi imabzalidwa paphiri pamsewu wapakatikati. Ndondomeko yobzala ndi 50 - 55 cm pakati pa mbewu motsatana ndi 65 - 70 cm pakati pa mbewu.
Pogwiritsira ntchito njirayi, tomato sadzasokonezana pakukula, ndipo izi zithandizanso kukolola kuchokera ku mitundu yoyambilira kukhwima.
Kudzala mbande
Msinkhu woyenera wobzala mbande umaganiziridwa Miyezi 1.5... Munthawi imeneyi, mizu ya phwetekere idakonzedwa kale mokwanira ndipo imatha kusintha kuzolowera. Njira zokwerera zokha zimachitika magawo angapo, motere:
- Mu mphindi 20. musanadzalemo, tomato amayenera kutsanulidwa bwino ndi madzi (pamenepa, mizu siyidzavulazidwa pang'ono mukamaika).
- Bowo amakumbidwa pamalo omwe akufuna ndi mulifupi 20-25 masentimita ndi kuya 15-20 masentimita.
- Chikhomo chimayikidwa mu dzenje kuti chithandizire chomeracho.
- Bowo limathiriridwa ndi madzi.
- Mbande zimachotsedwa mosamala ndikuziyika mozungulira panthawi yopumira.
- Mbeu imakutidwa ndi nthaka.
Mukamubzala, ndikofunikira kumangirira mmera msomali ndikupanga kabowo mozungulira thunthu.
Zofunikira pakusamalira
Mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwa tomato kumadalira ntchito yaulimi, chifukwa chake simuyenera kuzinyalanyaza.
Zofunikira zazikulu pakusamalidwa ndi monga:
- kusunga kutentha kofunikira;
- kuthirira;
- kudyetsa.
Pokwaniritsa zofunikira izi, zikhozanso kufulumizitsa kucha kwa zipatso.
Kutentha kwa chipinda
Pamasiku otentha, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umatenthetsa mpaka kutentha, komwe kumakhudzanso mbande. Amayamba kutha, kukula bwino ndipo pamapeto pake amatha kufa.
Chifukwa chake, kuti mukwaniritse kutentha kovomerezeka Madigiri 25, momwe chomeracho chimakula bwino, m'pofunika kutulutsa mpweya mchipinda nthawi zonse.
Kuthirira
Kuthirira koyambirira koyambirira kuyenera kuchitidwa Patatha masiku 5-6 kutsika zomera. Thirirani chomeracho muzu, mdzenje lomwe lidapangidwenso. Madzi ayenera kukhazikika, kutentha, kutentha +18 madigiri... Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuthirira tomato 2 - 3 pa sabata, pamlingo wa 25 malita. 1 sq.m.
Mukathirira, m'pofunika kutulutsa chipinda kwa maola awiri, pakadali pano condensation siyimapangika, yomwe imakhudza kuyendetsa mungu ndi zipatso.
Zovala zapamwamba
Feteleza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakubzala ndi okwanira masabata 1.5, kenako amayamba, kusinthana masiku 11-12 momwe angafunikire, kuwapatsa nayitrogeni ndi feteleza amchere.
Kudya koyamba kumayamba ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni, monga:
- manyowa ovunda;
- njira yothira nkhuku;
- magnesium sulphate;
- potaziyamu.
Manyowawa amalimbikitsa kukula msanga kwa greenery ndi chomera kukana matenda osiyanasiyana.
Pambuyo masiku 11, itatha yoyamba kudya, feteleza amchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- "Kemira - ngolo";
- "Njira";
- sulphate yamkuwa.
Mavalidwe awa zidzakhudza mtundu wa mbewu ndi kuchuluka kwake.
Mankhwala owonjezera ndi boric acid, pamlingo wa 1 g. 1 lita. madzi, samangothandiza kusintha mawonekedwe a phwetekere ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu, komanso kuwonjezera vitamini C pachipatsocho.
Malangizo kwa Oyamba
Odziwa ntchito zamaluwa ali ndi zinsinsi zawo zokolola zabwino komanso zolemera. Chifukwa chake, oyamba kumene ayenera kudzidziwitsa okha ndi izi:
- Pakuti wowonjezera kutentha amasankhidwa mitundu ya haibridi tomato omwe ali ndi kukula kochepa, kukana matenda osiyanasiyana, ndi mapangidwe a 1 - 2 zimayambira.
- Ndi bwino kubzala mbande za wowonjezera kutentha kumapeto kwa February, koyambirira kwa Marichi.
- Zomera zimabzalidwa kumayambiriro kwa Meyinthaka ikakhala yakuya masentimita 15-20 imafunda mpaka madigiri 15.
- Ngakhale kuti mitundu yonse yazosungira zobiriwira imadzipangira mungu wokha, kuti pakhale zipatso zabwino pakukula, chomeracho chiyenera kugwedezeka pang'ono.
Monga mukuwonera, malangizowa si ovuta, ngati atatsatiridwa, zidzatheka kuti musadandaule za kukula bwino kwa mbande.
Momwe mungatsinitsire molondola
Kuti zinthu zofunikira zisawonongedwe ndi tchire, koma kuti zizitulutsidwa zipatso, ndikofunikira kutsina nthawi zonse.
Njira yokhayo ndiyosavuta, pogwiritsa ntchito kotchera nthambi zapansi 3-4 zimachotsedwa, nthawi zina, ndipo chapamwamba chimakhuthala chimamera. Ndikofunikanso kuteteza mphukira zatsopano pamizu. Pamene stepons ayamba kuwonekera, ayenera kudula mosamala ndi mpeni.
Momwe mungamere tomato wamkulu - njira ndi sitepe
Musanapange tomato wamkulu, muyenera kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo kuti ntchito yaukadaulo imatenga nthawi yopuma. Kulima zipatso zazikulu za phwetekere ndi izi:
- Kusankha mitundu yabwino.
- Bzalani mbande mu miphika yosiyana.
- Mutabzala mu wowonjezera kutentha, mmera uyenera kukulitsidwa ndikupangidwa kukhala thunthu limodzi. Kuti muchite izi, pansi pa burashi yoyamba, chotsani masitepe onse ndi masamba.
- Pakukula, tsinde lakhotakhota kuchirikiza, potero amateteza kusweka kwa manja mtsogolo polemera mwana.
- Pamene maburashi 4 - 5 amapangidwa pa tsinde, korona wakukula uyenera kutsinidwa.
- Tsinani nthawi zonse nyengo yonse, kuchotsa mphukira ndi mphukira kuchokera ku axils a masamba.
- Zipatso zoyamba zikayamba, muyenera kuwunika momwe akuwonekera. Zipatso zikangowala, ziyenera kuchotsedwa, kulola kuti mbewu zotsalazo zipse.
Mbewu yonse ikachotsedwa panthambi, iyenera kuchotsedwa mothandizidwa ndi pruner, kuti pakhale kuwala kowonjezera mu zipatso zowala zomaliza.
Kodi kutalika kwa wowonjezera kutentha kuyenera kukhala kotani
Kulima tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha kumakhalanso ndi zovuta zake, monga:
- kuwala kokwanira kuposa malo otseguka;
- kufalikira pafupipafupi kwa matenda azomera;
- zovuta zoyenda.
Chifukwa chake, kutalika kwa wowonjezera kutentha, mwachitsanzo, wopangidwa ndi kanema, ayenera kukhala osachepera 2.5 m... Ngati wowonjezera kutentha ali ndi denga lolimba, mutha kudziletsa kutalika 2 m... Poterepa, mukamabzala ndikugwira ntchito yaulimi, simuyenera kugwada, komanso kutalika koteroko kumathandizira kuti mpweya wabwino uziyenda bwino komanso kuthekera kodzala mbewu zamitundumitundu.
Timabzala tomato wokulirapo mu wowonjezera kutentha
Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti tomato amachoka asanabzale. Poterepa, mabowo obzala mbande amakhala okonzeka, kuyang'ana mizu ndi 1/3 ya tsinde. Monga machitidwe akuwonetsera, pafupifupi, kuya kwa fossa kuli 40 cm.
Mosiyana ndi kubzala kwachizolowezi, mbande zowonjezeka sizibzalidwa pamalo owongoka, koma zimakonda pang'ono.
Chifukwa chake, mizu yambiri imapangidwa pamtengo womwe wakwiriridwa, womwe umalola kuti tomato alandire michere yambiri.
Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mizu kuchokera pamtengo, womwe uzikhala pansi, muyenera kuchotsa masamba onse.
Mavuto akukula
Womwe amakhala mchilimwe amadziwa kuti akamamera phwetekere mu polycarbonate wowonjezera kutentha, pamakhala mavuto ena. Chifukwa chake, kuti tipewe zolakwika zosasinthika zomwe zingachepetse mtundu wa zokolola, ziyenera kuthetsedwa munthawi yake.
Nthawi zambiri, sikutheka kupanga malo obiriwira angapo mdera limodzi, chifukwa chake funso limabuka pamaso pa oyamba kumene ngati zingatheke kuphatikiza masamba mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena kuwatulutsira kwina.
Kuphatikizana kwa phwetekere, tsabola, ndi nkhaka
Tomato ndi tsabola ndi mbewu za nightshade, motero muzikhala bwino pakati pawo pamakonzedwe aliwonse a mabedi.
Yankho labwino kwambiri pakusunga malo, komanso chitetezo cha tsabola kuchokera ku nsabwe za m'masamba, zingabzalidwe pakati pa tchire la phwetekere. Zinthu nzosiyana ndi nkhaka. Chojambula, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa tomato, chimasokoneza nkhaka. Ndipo chinyezi cha chipinda chilichonse cha masamba chimayenera kukhala chosiyana.
Tomato amachita bwino pa 40% chinyezi, ndipo nkhaka 90 - 100%, chifukwa chake bzalani masambawa pamodzi chosafunika.
Kodi ndizotheka kubzala masamba osiyanasiyana wopanda magawano?
Pagulu la tomato, mutha kubzala, opanda magawano, amadyera osiyanasiyana, monga: anyezi, parsley, letesi kapena saladi wamutu. Masamba monga radishes, kabichi ngakhale mavwende amapita bwino. Koma sizikulimbikitsidwa kulima tomato pamodzi ndi nkhaka, katsabola ndi fennel m'malo wowonjezera kutentha.
Kuti muike ndiwo zamasamba ndi amadyazo mu wowonjezera kutentha, muyenera kuyika plywood kapena magawano pakati pawo.
Kumbuyo kwa magawano mbali yakutuluka kuchokera kumunda kupita kumunda, ndibwino kuyika mitundu ya nkhaka, katsabola ndi fennel. Poterepa, nkhaka zimapewa ma drafti ndikulandila chinyezi chofunikira kuchokera ku condensate, ndipo katsabola ndi fennel sizitha kupondereza kukula kwa tomato wachinyamata. Tomato ndi masamba ena oyenerana amabzalidwa pakhomo lolowera kutentha.
Whitefly pa tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha
Tizilombo tofala kwambiri pa tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha ndi whitefly. Tizilombo timeneti timauluka kwambiri tomato, kuwononga masamba ndi ndowe zawo.
Momwe mungamvetsetse kuti mbewu zimakhudzidwa
N'zotheka kudziwa kupezeka kwa tizirombo ndi zizindikiro zingapo. Zinthu zazikulu ndi monga:
- waluntha pachimake choyera pamasamba;
- mapindikidwe a mphukira;
- kupezeka kwa mawanga achikasu pa chomeracho.
Patapita nthawi matenda, tomato amasintha wakuda.
Chifukwa chiyani tizilombo ndi owopsa?
Tizilomboto pachokha sichiwononga zomera. Ndi zinyalala zawo zokoma komanso zomata zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa bowa wonenepa. Kuopsa kwa mabakiteriyawa ndikuti iwo clog pores zomera, ndipo kenako kumabweretsa kusokoneza kwa photosynthesis.
Kukula kwa bowa kumabweretsa kufa kwa chomeracho.
Momwe mungachotsere ma midges ndi zomwe mumamenya nkhondo
Ngakhale kuti whitefly imatha kusokoneza kukula kwazomera munthawi yochepa, pali njira zingapo zosavuta kupewa izi:
- Ngati ntchentche zoyera zimapezeka pa tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha, muyenera kutero kuchepetsa kutentha kwa madigiri 10, pamenepa, tizirombo tambiri timafa.
- Ngati majeremusi akhazikika pa mbande mu wowonjezera kutentha, masamba a chomeracho ayenera mankhwala ndi madzi sopo, ndipo chipinda chokha chimayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira pafupipafupi.
- Mbande zomwe zakhudzidwa kunyumba zimayenera kupatukana wina ndi mzake ndikuchotsa mosamala tizilombo ndi siponji yoviikidwa m'madzi.
Pofuna kuthana ndi gulugufe masika, mutha kuyitanitsa tiziromboti kuchokera kumafamu omwe samapweteketsa mbewu, koma modzipereka amadya ntchentche zoyera ndi mphutsi zawo.
Koma njira zothandiza kwambiri zochotsera ndikulimbana ndi ma midge akadali mankhwala othandizira. Njira zofala kwambiri zophera whitefly ndi izi:
- Fitoverm - 2 ml. Kukonzekera 1 litre. madzi;
- "Actellik" - 1 ampoule pa 1 litre. madzi;
- "Aktara" - phukusi limodzi la 1.5 malita. zamadzimadzi;
- Pegasus - 2 ml. madzi;
- "Confidor" - 1 ml. madzi.
Kulimbitsa zochita za poyizoni, chithandizo chamankhwala amayenera kuchitidwa kawiri, ndikutenga sabata limodzi.
Polimbana ndi whitefly, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira izi:
- Misampha ndi fumigators... Tepi yomata yomata ndi fungo lokoma imapachikidwa pansi padenga la wowonjezera kutentha. Tizilombo, tomwe timakopeka ndi kafungo, zimauluka ndikumamatira pa tepiyo. Njira yabwino yothetsera nyumba zobiriwira idzakhala opanga ma pyrotechnic. Nthawi zambiri amakhala opindika mozungulira, omwe akawayatsa, amatulutsa utsi wowopsa wa ntchentche zoyera.
- Njira ya anthu... Ngati sizingatheke kugula mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni ndi mankhwala powononga majeremusi. Pachifukwa ichi, ma clove awiri a adyo amathiridwa mu 1 litre. kuthirira ndikuumirira tsiku limodzi. Kenako zimapopera mbewu ndi vutoli.
- Dandelion... Koma njira yabwino komanso yotetezeka yolimbana ndi whitefly ndi kulowetsedwa kwa dandelion. Amakonzedwa motere: 40 gr. ma rhizomes ndi 40 gr. mapesi a dandelion aphwanyidwa ndikutsanulira 1 litre. madzi. Kulowetsedwa kumalowetsedwa masiku anayi, kenako, atasefa kawiri ndikudutsa sabata limodzi, tomato amapopera.
Pofuna kupewa zikwangwani zoyera, m'pofunika kuchiza wowonjezera kutentha kuti ateteze mchaka. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusintha nthaka, ndikutsanulira njira ndi makoma ndi madzi otentha.
Popeza aganizira za ma nuances ndi maupangiri onse, oyamba kumene kulima minda sadzakhalanso ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi momwe angamerere tomato munkhokwe. Potengera malingaliro ndi kuwonera ntchito zaulimi, tomato adzakusangalatsani ndi zokolola munthawi yochepa.