Ndizovuta kupeza munthu yemwe sakonda chokoleti kapena maswiti a hazelnut. Mtedza wawung'ono uwu samangomva kukoma kokha, komanso umathandizira thupi.... Zomwe zili ndi mavitamini, zinthu zamankhwala ndi ma amino acid zimawongolera thanzi la kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, kutopa kwambiri, matenda ashuga, minyewa ndi matenda amtima. Mafuta a Hazelnut omwe amapezeka mtedza, omwe amapatsa thupi vitamini E, amabwezeretsanso mphamvu ndipo amathandizanso. Kudya mtedza mu chakudya kumapindulitsanso ana ndi achikulire. Tiyeni tiwone bwino chomera ichi, ndizomwe zimasamalira ndi kulima hazel kunyumba.
Palibe kulima mafakitale mtedza m'dziko lathu. Zipatso zamtengo wapatali zimatumizidwa makamaka kuchokera ku Turkey, Italy, Spain ndi China. Koma mtedza sizachilendo monga momwe zimawonekera. Ndi mtundu wolimidwa wa hazel wamba, yomwe imakula mwachilengedwe ku Caucasus, Middle East, Ukraine ndi madera onse aku Europe mpaka kumpoto. Chifukwa chake bwanji osalima chomera chodzichepetsachi komanso chothandiza ku dacha yanu, chifukwa kubzala mtedza ndi chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri chabizinesi ndikuwonjezera thanzi lanu.
Hazelnut - chikhalidwe cha hazel patsamba lino
Kulima mtedza wa mlimi sikungakhale vuto lalikulu. Sikuti pachabe anthu aku Italiya amatcha "hazel wolimidwa" chomera chaulesi. Hazelnut ndi shrub wofikira 2-5 m kutalika, kutengera mitundu, koma akhoza kupangidwa ndi kudulira mu mawonekedwe amtengo - kusankha kumadalira mwini wa tsambalo.
Zokolola zoyambirira zitha kuyembekezeredwa zaka 3-4 mutabzala mmera... Chomeracho sichisowa chisamaliro chosamalidwa, chifukwa mwachilengedwe hazel amakula bwino popanda thandizo laumunthu. Mukabzala, ukadaulo waulimi umachepetsa kuthirira, kuchotsa mphukira, kudulira pachaka, ndi kuwononga tizilombo ngati kuli kofunikira.
Mtedza wobzalidwa pamalowo kwazaka zambiri umapereka zipatso zokhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso zinthu zofunikira. Kututa kwakukulu kwa mtedza kumayamba kuyambira zaka 5-7 za moyo wazomera ndipo kumatenga zaka 10-15... Pambuyo pake, chomeracho "chimatsitsimutsidwa" - kwa zaka zingapo motsatizana, nthambi zakale za 2-3 zimadulidwa, zomwe pamapeto pake zimalowetsedwa ndi zazing'ono ndikuyamba kubala zipatso mowolowa manja.
Kuchokera kwa munthu wamkulu hazelnut, malinga ndi njira zaulimi Pezani 5-12 makilogalamu a zipatsozomwe zimatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali (zaka 1-3) osapereka nsembe. Mukabzala zosachepera zitatu pamalowo, zokolola zapachaka zimawoneka ngati zofunika kwambiri.
Njuchi zimatha kumera pamalo amodzi kuyambira zaka 50 mpaka 100. Mukabzala kamodzi kamodzi, mudzadzipatsa nokha ndi ana anu mtedza wamtengo wapatali zaka zambiri zikubwerazi.
Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zokolola, chomeracho chimakongoletsa kwambiri. Mitundu ya hazelnut ili ndi masamba amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso makulidwe.Chifukwa chake, wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amayesa kubzala tchire mosiyanasiyana - wokhala ndi masamba ofiira, achikasu ndi obiriwira. Mtedzawu umawonekeranso modabwitsa ngati chomera chofanana ndi mtengo. Okonda zokongoletsa amayamikira kukongola kwa tchire lomwe limaponyera ndolo zodabwitsa zomwe zimakopa njuchi kumayambiriro kwa masika.
Kubereketsa mtedza kunyumba
Okonda kulima mtengo kuchokera ku nati atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoberekera. Ndizosavuta ndipo, kutengera zofunikira, zimakupatsani chomera cholimba komanso chopatsa thanzi. Komabe, mtedza woterewu umayamba kubala zipatso mochedwa kwambiri kuposa womwe umamera kuchokera kumera. Ngati, mukamabzala mmera, mtedza woyamba umawonekera patatha zaka 3-4 mutabzala, ndiye kuti chomeracho chimakula
zopangidwa ndi mtedza, zimabala zipatso kwa zaka 6 kapena 10.
Chifukwa chake, wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kubzala mbande. Ndi njira yoberekera iyi, mosiyana ndi kubzala mtedza, mitundu yonse ya mtedza imasungidwa, kutengera momwe amasankhira chomera choyenera pazinthu zina.
Sapling kusankha
Mmodzi wazaka ziwiri kapena ziwiri amasankhidwa kuti abzale. Ndibwino kuti musankhe mitundu yozizira-yolimba komanso yosagwira chilala.... Kugulidwa kwa mmera mu nazale ya komweko kumatsimikizira kulandidwa kwa mitundu yazandidwe yosinthidwa mogwirizana ndi nyengo.
Posankha mbande za hazelnut mu nazale kapena m'munda, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa mizu ya chomeracho. Iyenera kupangidwa bwino popanda kuwonongeka. Mizu yowonongeka pang'ono imadulidwa pamalo athanzi... Ngati pali zowononga zambiri, muyenera kukana kugula mmera, chifukwa kudulira mwamphamvu kumatha kukhudza kuchuluka kwa moyo ndikupangitsa kufa kwa chomeracho.
Kusankha malo obwera
Hazelnut amadziwika kuti ndi chomera chomwe sichodzichepetsa pakupanga nthaka ndi nthaka. Nthaka yachonde yocheperako komanso chinyezi chokwanira ndichabwino pakukula kwa chomeracho komanso zipatso zambiri mtsogolo. Choyenerera kulima ndi dothi la imvi, loamy, sandy loam ndi chernozems zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri yamadzi apansi panthaka siyapafupi ndi 1.2-1.5 m pamwamba... M'nthawi yachisanu, chipale chofewa, malowo sayenera kusefukira ndi madzi - kuthira madzi nthawi yayitali kumabweretsa kuwonongeka ndi kufa kwa mtedza.
Komabe, simuyenera kukhumudwitsa iwo omwe dothi lawo lili patsamba lino silabwino kwenikweni. Ma hazelnuts amalimidwa mosamala pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya dothi yodziwika pakatikati, kupatula dothi lolemera kwambiri, lamadzi, lamchere komanso dothi louma lamchenga. Mukamabzala mmera, ma chernozems amathandizidwa ndikukhazikitsa mchenga ndi kompositi humus - izi zimapangitsa mpweya ndi chinyezi kukhala chinyezi m'nthaka... Kapangidwe ka dothi la acidic kumakonzedwa ndikubweretsa hydrated laimu, choko wapansi kapena phulusa lamatabwa.
Mtedzawu umakula bwino m'malo athyathyathya komanso m'mapiri otsetsereka. Chifukwa cha mizu yopangidwa mwaluso, chomeracho chimabzalidwa makamaka m'malo omwe pamafunika kuteteza kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Mukamabzala pa chiwembu cha mtedza, mutha kutenga malo aliwonse omwe sioyenera mbewu zina zamaluwa.
Olima minda odziwa zambiri amachita zaka zingapo zoyambirira kubzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana zamaluwa pakati pa tchire la mtedza wachinyamata, zomwe zimapangitsa nthaka kukhala yanthete, kupereka zokolola komanso osalola malo opanda kanthu pamalowo.
Chofunikira chofunikira chomwe chiyenera kuwonedwa posankha malo okwerera ndi kuwunikira bwino. Njuchi zimatha kumera m'malo amithunzi, koma musayembekezere zokolola zambiri.... Kukhalapo kwa kuwala kwachilengedwe kochuluka kumathandizira kubala zipatso zochuluka.
Mukamabzala m'malo otsetsereka a "hazel yotukuka", mutha kudziwa malowa mbali iliyonse kupatula kumwera. Zikuwoneka kuti mbali yakumwera ndiyowala bwino komanso yoyenera chomera chomwe chimakonda kuwala. M'malo mwake, kumayambiriro kwa masika, kuwala kowala, maluwa amamasula nthawi isanakwane, kenako amafa nthawi yachisanu.
Chikhalidwe chimakhudzidwa ndi mphepo, chifukwa chake pozindikira malo obzala, madera omwe amatetezedwa kwambiri kuzosankhidwa amasankhidwa... Makoma omanga kapena maheji amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo kumphepo.
Mukamabzala mbande zingapo, mtunda pakati pawo ndi mitengo yapafupi ndi korona wowala umasungidwa osachepera 4-5 m, kutengera kukula kwa chomera chamtsogolo mukadzakula.
Kufikira ukadaulo
Malinga ndi zidziwitso zochokera kuzinthu zopangira maluwa, mbande za "hazel yolimidwa" zimatha kubzalidwa koyambirira kwa masika (Marichi-Epulo) kapena nthawi yophukira. Mtedzawu umakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yogona, masamba ake amatuluka msanga kuposa mitengo ina, ndipo mbewu zambiri zomwe zimabzala mchaka sizimazika.
Odziwa ntchito zamaluwa amakonda kwambiri kubzala nthawi yophukira - mu Okutobala-Novembala. Madeti amdera lililonse amatsimikizika payekhapayekha, kutengera nyengo... Mulimonsemo, kubzala kwadzinja kumachitika mwezi umodzi chisanayambike chisanu.
Pofuna kukolola mtedza wambiri, mitengo itatu ya mitundu iwiri ya hazelnut imabzalidwa pamalopo.
Pobzala nthawi yophukira, dzenje lodzala nkhono limakonzedwa kuyambira masika, ngati kubzala mmera kumakonzekera masika, ndiye kuti kukonzekera kumachitika kugwa. Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuti dothi lopanda udzu lipumule ndi kupeza chinyezi chokwanira. Nthawi zambiri, moyo umasintha pazolinga zathu, ndipo ngati lingaliro lodzala mtedza lidabwera zokha, dzenje lobzala limatha kukonzekera osachepera milungu iwiri musanadzale kapena musanadzalemo.
Dzenje lokwera limakumbidwa kukula kwa 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 m. Manyowa a organic ndi amchere amalowetsedwa mu dzenje lokonzedwa ndikusakanikirana bwino ndi nthaka:
- humus - zidebe 2-3;
- superphosphate iwiri - 150-200 g;
- potaziyamu sulphate - 50-70 g.
Kugwirizana ndi malingaliro okonzekera nthaka kumapereka mmera chakudya chokwanira kwa zaka 3-4.
Kubzala mtedza ndi wothandizira ndikosavuta: wina amakhala ndi chomeracho ndikuwongola mizu, winayo amachita zovuta zonse. Tekinoloje yobzala ndiyosavuta:
- Ngati mizu ya mmera idakonzedwa mu dothi, sambani dongo kuchokera kumizu... Kulowetsa mu chatterbox ndikofunikira kokha kuti musunge chinyezi m'mizu mpaka kubzala.
- Ngati mizu ya chomerayo yauma pang'ono, choyamba ayikeni m'madzi kwa masiku 1-2... Kuyanika kwa mizu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi khungwa lofota la mphukira.
- Ngati mizu ndi youma kwambiri, osati iwo okha, koma mmera wonsewo uyenera kumizidwa m'madzi kwa masiku 1-2 mpaka khungwa lisakhale labwinobwino.
- Pangani chitunda chokwera pakatikati pa dzenje, ikani chikhomo.
- Ikani mmera pafupi ndi msomali mosamala kufalitsa mizu ya chomeracho m'dzenjemo... Mzu wazu wa mmera mukamabzala uyenera kukhala pang'ono pamwamba pa nthaka. Pambuyo kuthirira, nthaka idzakhazikika, ndipo kolala yazu idzakhala yolingana ndi nthaka. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri - pomwe kolayo yazika pansi, mtedzawu umakula bwino, ndipo sungabereke zipatso konse.
- Amadzaza dzenje pamapasa awiri... Choyamba, theka la dzenje limakutidwa ndi dothi, lowindidwa pang'ono ndi nthaka ndikuthiriridwa madzi mowolowa manja. Kenako dzenje lonselo limadzazidwa, kulimbananso ndi kuthiranso. Kuchuluka kwamadzi pachimera chilichonse ndi osachepera 25 malita, mulingo woyenera kutengera nyengo - 30-40 malita.
- Onetsetsani mulingo wa mizu - pazipita Zololedwa mopitilira muyeso wa nthaka ndi 1-3 cm.
- Mmera umamangiriridwa pachikhomo ndipo kudula masamba 5-6... Kutalika kwa gawo lakumtunda kuyenera kukhala masentimita 20-25. Kudulira kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa mphukira zingapo zobala zipatso nthawi yokula.
Kusamalira kamera kakang'ono
Bwalo lozungulira pafupi ndi thunthu la 0,5 m limadzaza ndi peat, humus, manyowa kapena utuchi, ndikusiya mpata wa 5 cm pafupi ndi thunthu. Mzere wa mulch nthawi zambiri umakhala 7-10 cm.
Hazelnut siyimalekerera madzi osayenda, koma nthawi yomweyo ndi chomera chokonda chinyezi. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yoyamba mutabzala, kuthirira pafupipafupi komanso kochuluka ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mmera. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe mbewuyo imathiriridwa sabata imodzi mutabzala, pumulani masiku 7-10 ndikuthiranso. Pambuyo pake, mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti mpira wobzala umapanga gawo limodzi ndi nthaka yonse ndipo uzitha kusunga chinyezi chofunikira.
M'nyengo yoyamba ya 2-3, mbande za hazelnut zimakutidwa ndi lutrasil kapena spunbond... Izi zimateteza chomeracho kuti chisazizidwe ndikuthyola mphukira zosapsa.
Kupitiliza chisamaliro ndikulima
Kuyambira kubzala mmera mpaka chiyambi cha kubala zipatso, kutengera zosiyanasiyana, muyenera kudikirira zaka 3-4. Zokolola zidzakhala zochepa poyamba, koma mu zaka 1-3, kutola mtedza kudzakusangalatsani ndi kuchuluka kwake, ndipo pakatha zaka 10 zidzakhala zotheka kusonkhanitsa ndowa ya mtedza pachitsamba chilichonse. Mutha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chodzabala zipatso zochuluka ngati njira zofunikira posamalira mtedzawu zitengedwa.
Kuthirira
Pa nyengo yokula, chomeracho chimathiriridwa kamodzi pa mwezi, Chiwerengero cha madzi okwanira kuyambira Epulo ndi nthawi 5-6... Nthawi yotsiriza shrub imathiriridwa masamba atagwa - izi zimabweretsa chinyezi chofunikira chomera m'nthaka masika otsatira. Mu Juni ndi Julayi, kufunika kwa chinyezi kumawonjezeka chifukwa chakukula kwa zipatso ndikuyika ziwalo zoberekera zokolola za nyengo yotsatira, chifukwa chake mtedza umathiriridwa kawiri m'miyezi imeneyi. Pothirira, gwiritsani ntchito malita 40-50 amadzi ofunda pachitsamba chilichonse.
Kupalira ndi kumanga mulching
Kupalira kumathandiza kupha namsongole ndikudzaza mizu ndi mpweya. Mukamasula nthaka, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mizu yambiri imayandikira kumtunda. Mizu yowonongeka ya hazelnut siyibwezeretsedwanso, chifukwa chake kuya kwa udzu ndi masentimita 8-10... Nthaka ya mitengo ikuluikulu yadzaza ndi peat, utuchi, ndi udzu wouma.
Kudulira
Kudulira ndikofunikira kuti apange shrub. Nthawi iliyonse yotentha, mphukira zowonjezera zimadulidwa, kusiya 8-10 mwamphamvu kwambiri... Amayesa kuchotsa mphukira zomwe zili mkati mwa tchire, komanso zofowoka ndi zowonongeka.
Kulimbana ndi tizilombo ta Hazel
Kwa mtedza wa tizirombo, ma weel ndi hazel barbel ndi owopsa. Zizindikiro za mawonekedwe awo ndi "mphutsi" ndi kuyanika msanga kwa chipatsocho. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, akugwira ntchito kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, pomwe kafadala amapezeka kwambiri, ndipo pakati pa Juni, mtedza ukamatuluka ku plyuska. Mwa matendawa, powdery mildew imapezeka nthawi zambiri, yomwe imatha kuthetsedwa ndi mankhwala a colloidal sulfure, msuzi wa laimu-sulfure kapena fungicidal yogulitsa sitolo, komanso kukolola kwakanthawi kwa zipatso zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ndi masamba akugwa.
Owerenga atenga chinyengo kuti kubzala ndikukula mtedza ndi ntchito yovuta. Munkhaniyi, tayesetsa kupereka zidziwitso zambiri zothandiza kwa eni nyumba zazinyumba zanyengo yotentha komanso malo awo. Njuchi sizifunikira kutentha kwapadera, zimatha kumera pafupifupi panthaka iliyonse ndikupirira kuchepa kwa feteleza... Zokwanira kuchita khama, ndipo chomeracho chikukuthokozani ndi zokolola zambiri za mtedza wokoma komanso wathanzi.