Chimanga ndiye "mfumukazi yakumunda" yeniyeni - imodzi mwambewu zofala kwambiri zomwe zimalimidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Zimasinthasintha nyengo iliyonse, kulolera kwambiri, koma mosamala mutabzala.
Munthu amatenga chilichonse kuchokera ku chimanga ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana amoyo - makutu, silika wa chimanga, mapesi ndi masamba. Ichi sichinthu chokha chothandiza kwambiri pachakudya, maziko opangira mankhwala, komanso malo odyetserako ziweto (mbewu zimapita kukadyetsa nkhuku ndi nkhumba, ndipo zimayambira zimapanga silage).
Zamasamba zimabzalidwa ku Russia ndi ku Ukraine, chinthu chachikulu ndikuwona ukadaulo wofesa, ndikuusamalira mbande zikawoneka bwino.
Momwe mungakonzekerere maso a chimanga kubzala
Chimanga - chomera cham'mimba kwambiri cha thermophilic... Kuphatikiza apo, "imalimidwa" ndi anthu kotero kuti sichimachitika kuthengo (sichimatha kusamba mbewu ndikumera zokha). Chifukwa chake, kuti tipeze zokolola zochuluka za chimanga, pamafunika chisamaliro chosamalitsa, ndipo ziyenera kuyambira pagulu la mbewu.
Mtengo wa mbewu, zipatso zawo zimathandizira kwambiri pamapeto pake.
Mbeu za chimanga zimafuna kukonzekera musanadzalemo.
- Choyamba, minda yapadera imagwira ntchito yolima mbewu monga chimanga. Akugwiranso ntchito yopanga mitundu yatsopano ya haibridi, kuyesetsa kuti mbeu zisinthe mosalekeza.
- Kachiwiri, minda ina yapadera imagwiridwa kukonzekera kwapadera kwa njere zofesa... Kuti muchite izi, mbewu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ziphuphu, kutsukidwa ndikusanjidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi kalasi. Kenako nyembazo zouma ndikukhazikika - amathandizidwa ndimakonzedwe apadera a fungicidal omwe amateteza nyembazo ku fungal ndi matenda ena a bakiteriya. Kuvala kumateteza osati mbewu zokha, komanso mbande ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka, poganizira nthawi yobzala.
- Chachitatu, amachita mokakamizidwa kuyerekeza mbewu za chimanga, i.e. kugawa iwo mu tizigawo ndi kukula. Izi zimapereka kuwerengera kolondola kwa njere za mbeu pa hekitala imodzi ndi kufanana kwa mbewu.
- Chachinayi, usanafese, Kutentha kwa mpweya Mbewu zambewu, zomwe zimawonjezera kukula kwa chikhalidwe, kupulumuka kwa mphukira koyambirira.
Omwe amatsogolera bwino chimanga
Kuchulukitsa zokolola zilizonse zaulimi, gawo lofunikira limachitika kasinthasintha wa mbeu, i.e. kasinthasintha wazaka pachaka m'malo obzala omwewo.
Mbatata, nyemba ndi tirigu m'nyengo yozizira ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri chimanga. Mbewu zathu zimapereka zokolola zabwino pambuyo pa nyemba zamaluwa m'malo opanda.
Ngati acidity ya nthaka siyidutsa pachizolowezi - kuyambira 5.5 mpaka 7 pH, kukhazikitsa mwatsatanetsatane kwa feteleza wosankhidwa bwino, chimanga chitha kufesedwa ngati monoculture, i.e. zaka zingapo motsatizana m'malo omwe amafesedwa.
Chikhalidwe cha mbewu
Popeza chimanga chimakonda kutentha, chimatha kubzalidwa kutentha kwanyengo ndi madigiri 8-12 pakuya pafupifupi 10 cm.
Kutengera momwe nyengo ilili, izi zimachitika pafupifupi kuyambira koyambirira mpaka pakati pa Meyi... Kuya kwa kubzala mbewu m'nthaka ndi 5-6 cm, m'malo ouma - mpaka 8 cm.
Chothandiza kwambiri ndikufesa m'mizere (poyerekeza ndi kufesa kwamtunda), chifukwa pakadali pano ndizotheka kuphukira mphukira, zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa mizu, kulimbitsa mizu yakumlengalenga, potero, kukulitsa zokolola.
Kuchulukitsitsa
Kufesa kochulukirapo kumadalira chilengedwe chakukula, cholinga (tirigu kapena silage), chimanga chosiyanasiyana (kukhwima koyambirira kapena mochedwa), kutalika kwazomera zazikulu.
Poganizira magawo onse, kuchuluka kwa kufesa kumawerengedwa kapena kusankhidwa payekhapayekha kuti mbewu iliyonse ilandire chinyezi, kuwala, ndi michere yokwanira. Angazengereze kuchokera 50,000 mpaka 120,000 nthanga / ha.
Mwachitsanzo, kachulukidwe ka phesi la mitundu yokhwima yoyambirira m'dera la steppe liyenera kukhala pafupifupi 60 zikwi pa hekitala, pafupifupi 40-45 zomera pa 10 mita ndi mzere wa 0.7 m.
Kubzala mbewu pa 1 ha pa kg
Mulingo wobzala, komanso kuchuluka kwake, zimatengera zizindikilo zingapo: malo omwe akukula, njira yogwiritsira ntchito mbewu, njira yofesa, kukula kwa njere zobzala, komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wina.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu kumasinthasintha kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 25 kg pa hekitala.
Kufunika kwa kupatulira mmera
Kawirikawiri minda ya chimanga imafesedwa ndi mbewu zapadera za pneumatic. Amapereka njira "yobzala" yobzala mbewu m'nthaka, kusunga mtunda weniweni pakati pa mbewu motsatira komanso pakati pa mizere.
Chifukwa chake, njere zoyenerera zimafesedwa nthawi yomweyo kumtunda wina ndi mnzake. Kuchepetsa mbande zosafunika ndipo sizimveka.
Kukula ukadaulo
Njira yolima mbewu ya chimanga ndiyosavuta, imaphatikizapo magawo angapo akulu:
- tillage musanafese - yophukira akulima munda mpaka kuya kwa masentimita 25-30, ngati kuli kotheka, ndizotheka kugwiritsira ntchito herbicides motsutsana ndi namsongole osatha;
- kulima m'dzinja ndi umuna;
- Njira yokonzekera nthaka masika kuvulaza - koyambirira (nthaka ikaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi namsongole) ndikulima musanafese (kuya kwa kufesa mbewu - 6-8 cm), kukhazikitsidwa kwa feteleza wovuta;
- kukonzekera mbewu zobzala;
- kufesa chimanga, poganizira nthawi yake ndikutsata mulingo ndi kuzama kwa mbeu;
- zisanachitike komanso zikamera choopsa kuwononga namsongole ndikumasula nthaka;
- kukolola (koyambirira, chimanga chimakololedwa kuti chikhale silage, ndipo chinyezi chambewu chikafika 35-40%, tirigu amakololedwa).
Ngati mutsatira malamulo oyambira ukadaulo waulimi, kulima chimanga m'minda kumatha kubweretsa ndalama zooneka.
Zokolola zambiri ndizofunikira kwambiri pangani chikhalidwe kukhala chokongola polima. M'mayiko apadziko lonse lapansi, tirigu 20% amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani azakudya, kuchuluka komweku kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ukadaulo, kuposa 60% imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chakudya.
Kukhoza kuzolowera nyengo zosiyanasiyana kwathandiza oweta kupanga mitundu yambiri ya haibridi. Mlimi aliyense amatha kusankha mtundu wosakanizidwa womwe ndi woyenera nyengo yake ndikukula bwino.