Mitundu yamakono ya beets ndi zipatso za ntchito ya obereketsa aku America. Mu 1747, asayansi aku America adapeza kuti beet zoyera zili ndi shuga wofanana ndi nzimbe - 1.3%. Tsopano mitundu ya haibridi yaukadaulo, yomwe imapangidwa ndi obereketsa makamaka yopangira shuga, ili ndi zinthu zopitilira 20% zachilengedwe. Ngakhale ichi ndi chikhalidwe chaukadaulo, anthu asintha kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya, ngati njira yowerengera, komanso ngati chakudya cha ziweto.
Makhalidwe a beet shuga
White shuga beet ndi masamba, wazaka ziwiri wazu wamasamba, mtundu wofiyira wamba. M'chaka choyamba, imapanga mizu yayikulu, yayitali, yolimba, yolimba komanso rosette yamasamba akulu panthaka.
Iyi ndiye mbewu yofunika kwambiri ya shuga yomwe imamera m'dera lalikulu la nthaka yolimidwa. Maselo a Sucrose amachokera 8-10 mpaka 20% ndipo zimadalira nyengo yakukula kwa dera lomwe likukula, ukadaulo waukadaulo, popeza chikhalidwe chimafuna kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi, kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Makamaka kutentha kwa dzuwa kumafunika pakamabzala nthawi yazomera - kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala... Ndi munthawi imeneyi pomwe shuga imadzikundikira.
Beet wa shuga ndi wobala 100%. Zinyalala zotsalira pakupanga shuga zimakonzedwa, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Zida zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza:
- zamkati - zinyalala mu mawonekedwe a beet odulidwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ng'ombe, nkhumba;
- madzi - amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani azakudya popanga yisiti, citric acid, glycerin, organic acid ndi mowa;
- chilema (kapena matope achitsulo) - feteleza wa laimu wazomera.
Kuphatikiza apo, masamba a shuga amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa Mowayofunikira muukadaulo wopanga mafuta.
Mbiri yakukula
Kupanga shuga kuchokera ku beets kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 19 ku Europe (New Silesia), komwe kuli chomeracho, ndikufalikira mwachangu. Mu theka loyambirira la 19th century, beets zidayamba kubzalidwa ndikukula kale kudera lamakono la Russia ndi Ukraine.
Kukhalapo kwachonde chernozem dothi komanso nyengo yotentha imatanthauzira magawo olima mbewu: Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, madera akuda akummwera kwa Russia, komanso mayiko akumwera ndi pakati pa Europe.
Kwa 2014, atsogoleri pantchito yolima mbewu ndikupanga shuga kuchokera pamenepo ndi awa:
- France - pafupifupi matani 40 miliyoni;
- Russia - matani opitilira 30 miliyoni;
- Germany - matani 30 miliyoni;
- USA - matani miliyoni 28.5;
- Ukraine - matani 16 miliyoni;
- Poland - matani 14 miliyoni.
Pafupifupi matani 280 miliyoni a beets amalimidwa padziko lapansi.
Chakudya kapena ziweto zodyetsa
Inde, choyambirira, chikhalidwe ndi luso, koma muzu mbewu zabwino chakudya cha nkhumba ndi kuswana kwa ng'ombe.
Masamba ndi ma rhizomes ali ndi thanzi lofanana: 100 kg ya beets ili ndi magawo 25 azakudya (zimawerengedwa kuti 1 feed unit ndiyofanana 1 kg ya oats munzake yazakudya) ndi 1.2 kg ya mapuloteni othandiza, ndipo 100 kg ya masamba obiriwira ali ndi mayunitsi 22 azakudya ndi 2.2 kg ya protein ...
Nthawi yomweyo, ndi nthawi yokolola Kulemera kwa masamba ndi mizu pafupifupi 1: 2... Gawo la masamba atha kukhala kuchokera 40 mpaka 60% ya kulemera kwa masamba.
Koma kupatula izi, beets amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso mankhwala azikhalidwe... Chomeracho chili ndi mavitamini ndi mchere wambiri: ayodini, phosphorous, magnesium, mkuwa, chitsulo, calcium, mavitamini B, PP, C, betadine, pectins.
Katunduyu amalimbikitsa chitetezo chokwanira, hemoglobin, imathandizira pantchito yamtima, imathandizira magwiridwe antchito am'mimba, imachotsa poizoni mthupi.
Masamba ali ndi zotsutsana kuti mugwiritse ntchito matenda a impso, matenda a shuga, kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa cha sucrose.
Makhalidwe azinthu zolima ndikulima ku Russia
Kulima ndi kubzala shuga wa beet ndi ntchito yolemetsa kwambiri, yofunika kutsatira kwathunthu mfundo zonse zaukadaulo waulimi.
Kasinthasintha ka mbeu ndi omwe amakula kumene omwe amakoloŵerani ndi beet - nyemba, tirigu wachisanu - ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Kufesa ukadaulo
Nthaka imalimidwa nthawi yophukira, mpaka masentimita 30, mutagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wokwanira. M'chaka, musanafese, dothi limasokonezedwa, kulimidwa ndikuwongoleredwa.
Bzalani mbewu kutentha kwa mpweya 8-10 madigiri Celsius mpaka kuya 5 masentimita... Patatha masiku asanu kufesa, kubowoleza kumayamba kuchitika kuti awononge namsongole, kumasula nthaka.
Mbande imapezeka kale masiku 8-10 mutabzala. Kutsegulira koyamba kwa dothi kumachitika pambuyo poti masamba owona oyamba ayamba kukula mpaka masentimita 5-7.
Gawo lotsatira - mmera kupatulira (maluwa). Iyi ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, yolemetsa, koma yofunikira, pambuyo pake beets olimba kwambiri komanso olimba kwambiri amakhalabe pamunda.
Chisamaliro chotsatira cha mbeu chimakhala kumasula nthaka pakati pa mizere ndi kuthirira kwambiri mpaka 4-5 kawiri pamwezi... Kuthirira kumayimitsidwa theka lachiwiri la Seputembara, masiku 7-10 kutatsala nthawi yokolola.
Kukolola
Kukolola kumayamba munthawi zosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira chakumapeto kwa Seputembala mpaka pakati pa Okutobala.
Masamba obiriwira sangathe kupitilira kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake zokolola nthawi yomweyo anatumiza kwa processing zomera... Kumeneko, njira yopezera shuga kuchokera ku ma rhizomes imayambitsidwa, ndipo nsonga zimasinthidwa kukhala chakudya.
Ziri zachidziwikire kuti kuzungulira konsekonse kwa kulima ndi kukonza ndiwo zamasamba ndizotopetsa komanso zotsika mtengo. Ngakhale zokolola za 100% ndizovuta, ndizovuta kuti olima azipeza phindu kuchokera kuzinthu zonse ziwiri ndikukonza mbewu.
Komabe, shuga amakhalabe chakudya chofunikira kwambiri tsiku lililonse, ndipo kupanga kwake ndichofunikira komanso chosafunikira.