Ngakhale kufalikira kwakanthawi mdziko lathu, mphesa zoumba zoumba kale zapambana chikondi ndi kutchuka kwa nzika zambiri zanyengo kwazaka zambiri. Ndi mitundu iyi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoumba zapamwamba kwambiri. Kenako, tiyeni tikambirane za malongosoledwe ake ndikuwona mawonekedwe akulu
Makhalidwe ndi kufotokozera kwa mphesa zaka
Century idabadwira ku USA, California ndi gulu la obereketsa aku America mu 1980. Izi ndi zotsatira zakudutsa mitundu ya Golide ndi Q25-6. Zoyesera za kubereketsa mitunduyo zidapitilira zaka 14. Mitunduyi idabwera ku Russia kokha mu 2010 ndipo nthawi yomweyo idakhala yotchuka kwambiri.
Ndi za mitundu yakucha msanga, zipatso zimapsa masiku 120. Zipatsozo mulibe mbewu. Burashi iliyonse imalemera magalamu 700 mpaka 2000. Olima alimi odziwa bwino amalimbikitsa kukolola panthawi yake kuti magulupu asasweke. Mawonekedwe a zipatsozo ndi owulungika-oblong, mtundu wake wakakhwima ndi wachikaso chagolide.
Unyinji wa mabulosi onse amachokera magalamu 5 mpaka 10. Chipatsocho chimakhala ndi kununkhira kwa nutmeg komanso kamvedwe kakang'ono ka tiyi. Kukoma kwake kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera nthaka yomwe mitunduyo imakula. Khungu ndi locheperako, sililawa, kotero zipatsozo zimatha kudyedwa ndi khungu.
Mnofu wa chipatso ndi wandiweyani, wowutsa mudyo, kukoma kokoma. Zosiyanasiyana ndizosagwira chisanu. Amalekerera momasuka kutentha mpaka madigiri -25. Nthawi yobala zipatso imachokera pakati pa Seputembala mpaka nyengo yozizira. Maburashi okoma amalangizidwa kuti achoke kuthengo chisanu chisanayambike, chisanu chikayamba, mabulosi amatenga shuga wambiri.
Ubwino wosiyanasiyana
Ubwino wake ndi:
- kukoma kwabwino;
- kusowa kwa mbewu;
- kukana matenda;
- kucha koyambirira;
- osachedwa kuwola ndi kukhetsa;
- ulaliki wabwino kwambiri;
- kugonjetsedwa ndi chisanu;
- kukhazikika kwa zokolola zambiri;
- zipatso sizimachedwa kung'ambika.
Zoyipa zake ndi izi:
- osati nthawi yosungira;
- kufunikira kwa maburashi opatulira.
Kusankha mpando wofika
Ngakhale kuti zosiyanasiyana ndizosagwira chisanu, malo abwino kwambiri pakukula ndi gawo lakumwera kwa tsambalo. Zimakhala bwino ngati tchire limabzalidwa pafupi ndi nyumba kapena pafupi ndi mpanda. Nyumbazi ziziteteza ku mphepo yamkuntho ndikupatsanso kutentha kwina.
Mukamabzala mphesa pafupi ndi nyumbayo, ndikofunikira kuti mtunda wochokera kumpesa mpaka maziko a nyumbayo ndi osachepera 1.5 mita!
Tsambali liyenera kukhala lowala ndi dzuwa kuchokera mbali zonse. Nthaka yobzala iyenera kukonzekera pasadakhale kuti ikhale ndi nthawi yokwanira kukhazikika ndikudzaza ndi chinyezi ndi michere. Nthaka iyenera kudutsa chinyezi ndi mpweya bwino. Mutha kubzala mphesa m'dzinja ndi masika.
Kusankha mbande
Kusankhidwa kwa mbande kuyenera kuchitidwa mozama, chifukwa zimatengera momwe mpesa udzakhalire komanso, zipatso zake. Mbande zitha kutchulidwa kuti:
- osankhika;
- 1sort;
- Gulu la 2;
- wosakwanira.
Osankhika mbande akhale ndi mizu inayi kapena kupitiratu yolinganiza, osachepera 2 mm makulidwe ndi masentimita 25. Pansi pake pakhale msinkhu wa 5mm.
Mbande za kalasi yoyamba ayenera kukhala ndi mizu inayi kapena kupitilira apo. Kusiyanitsa kwa osankhika ndikuti muzu wa 2 mm uyenera kukhala osachepera 2 mizu. Mtunda wa mizu wina ndi mzake uyeneranso kukhala wofanana.
Kalasi yachiwiri Ayenera kukhala ndi mizu yosachepera iwiri.
Mmera wosakwanira ali ndi kukula kofooka msinkhu. Ndi bwino kuti musabzale mbande zotere.
Kufikira
Ngati kubzala kukukonzekera mchaka, ndiye kuti nthaka yobzala imakonzedwa kugwa.... Kukula kwa mbande kumadalira mtundu wa nthaka. M'nthaka yopepuka, ndikofunikira kukumba dzenje lokhala ndi masentimita 40 ndi kuya kwa masentimita 60. M'nthaka yolemera kwambiri, dera la dzenje lidzakhala 70X80 cm, lakuya kwa masentimita 70. Kupezeka kwa madzi apansi apansi kudzakhudza kubzala. Komabe, malo amphesawo sayenera kusefukira ndi madzi osungunuka. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yonyowa mokwanira, yotayirira, yopanda namsongole.
Musanadzalemo, mizu ya mbande imayenera kuthandizidwa ndi cholimbikitsira kukula. Zodulidwa zomwe zidagulidwa zimayikidwa mu njirayi kwa tsiku limodzi, kenako amapatsidwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi yankho la manganese kenako mizu imadulidwa.
Pansi pa dzenje, muyenera kupanga ngalande yophatikiza ndi feteleza wowonjezera. Mbeu imabzalidwa mdzenje ndikuphimbidwa ndi dothi, mosamala mosamala. Pakakhala kuti palibe dothi loyenera mphesa, lembani dothi ndikuwonjezera humus. Mtunda pakati pa mbande uyenera kukhala osachepera 3 mita, popeza mpesa umakula mwachangu. Payenera kukhala osachepera 2 mita pakati pa mizere yobzala njira imodzi ndi mita 3 yobzala misewu iwiri.
Kuti mupeze tchire locheperako, ma cuttings amayenera kumtengowo kumtengowo.
Kubzala nthawi yophukira kumachitika bwino kuyambira masiku omaliza a Okutobala mpaka pakati pa Novembala. Ndikofunika kubzala mphesa panthaka yothira bwino.
Malamulo osamalira
Mutabzala mphesa, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa panthaka. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yotakasuka komanso yopanda namsongole nthawi zonse. Pa ma tubercles, kumasula kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kuti asawononge mphukira zazing'ono. Mbande zikamakula, kutalika kwa chifuwa kumachepa pang'onopang'ono. Mu Ogasiti, mbande zimatsegulidwa mpaka kumangilira kwa mphukira zomwe zimaphatikizidwa.
Kumapeto kwa June, m'pofunika kuchita njira yochotsera mizu yomwe ikukula pamwamba. Izi zimachitika kuti tchire limayamba mizu mozama, popeza mizu yomwe imakula pafupi ndi nthaka imachepetsa chisanu ndi kupirira panthawi yachilala. Kudulira kuyenera kuchitika tsiku lamitambo. Kuti muchite izi, yang'anani mmera mozungulira mmera ndikupanga bowo lakuya masentimita 25. Kuti muchotse mizu, gwiritsani ntchito kudulira. Mukadulira, dzenje ladzaza, ndikungotsala nkhwangwa zobiriwira pamtunda.
Kudulira kwachiwiri kumachitika mu Ogasiti. Mukadulira, dzenje lakuya masentimita 15 latsala mozungulira mmera.
Kwa mphesa zomwe zakula kuchokera ku cuttings, kuthirira ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwombera. Mutabzala, kuthirira mmera nthawi yomweyo. Kuthirira kwachiwiri kumachitika m'masabata awiri. Kuthirira kwachitatu kuyenera kuchitika masiku 35 mutabzala. Kutengera ndikumauma kwa nthaka, kumwa madzi pachitsamba chilichonse ndi ndowa imodzi kapena ziwiri. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito madzi otenthedwa ndi dzuwa kuthirira. Kuthirira madzulo.
Kuvala bwino kwa mphesa kumachitika mchilimwe, kuphatikiza ndi kuthirira. Mullein wofesa akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa. Pofuna kuthira, mullein imadzipukutidwa ndi madzi mu 1: 2 ndipo imasiya kutentha kwa madigiri 22 pakadutsa milungu iwiri. Kenako slurry yomalizidwa imasungunuka ndi madzi 1: 4. Onjezani yankho ili:
- superphosphate - magalamu 100;
- ammonium sulphate - 75 magalamu;
- saltpeter - magalamu 45.
Musapitirire mbande ndi feteleza, chifukwa pakadali pano sipadzakhala chitukuko cha mizu.
Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mphukira, amamangiriridwa pamtengo pamalo owongoka. Ndikukula kwakukulu kwa ma stepon, kutsina kuyenera kuchitidwa. Njirayi idzafulumizitsa mapangidwe a tchire.
Pofuna kupewa matenda, mbande zazing'ono zimapopera madzi ndi Bordeaux.
Kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, malo m'munda wamphesawo amakumbidwa, ndipo kumapeto kwa Okutobala, pomwe masamba amagwa, mbande zimakutidwa m'nyengo yozizira. Kuti tichite izi, timakumba poyambira, timayikamo mpesa kutalika kwake ndikuphimbidwa ndi nthaka.
Masika, mbande zazing'ono zamphesa zimatsegulidwa mochedwa kuposa mpesa wachikulire, popeza mphukira zazing'ono zimakonda kugwa chisanu. M'zaka zotsatira za kukula, chisamaliro cha mpesa ndi ichi:
- kudula;
- kutsina;
- kumasula nthaka;
- Kuchotsa udzu;
- feteleza;
- kuthirira;
- kupewa matenda;
- kuchepetsa tizilombo.
Matenda ndi tizilombo toononga
Mphesa iyi sichikhala ndi matenda. Komabe, imavutika ndi tizirombo ta phylloxera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiwononga mizu, ndevu za mbewu ndi masamba. Poterepa, kutaya tchire sikokwanira. Pamalo okhudzidwa ndi phylloxera, ndizotheka kubzala tchire lamphesa pasanathe zaka zisanu.
Pofuna kuteteza, kabudula wa katoni wa 15 cm m'mimba mwake amaikidwa pamizu ya mmera mukamabzala. Chubu chimaphimbidwa ndi mchenga ndipo mmera umaphatikizidwa ndi nthaka. Chubu ndiye amachotsedwa mosamala.
Ngati chisamaliro chidatengedwa moyenera nyengo yonse, ndipo mpesa udakonzedwa bwino nyengo yachisanu, ndiye kuti munthawi yotsatira mutha kudalira zokolola zabwino.