Nkhaka ndi masamba odziwika mdziko lathu, motero aliyense wamaluwa, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa chiwembu, amakonda kulima nkhaka m'munda wake. Koma ngakhale ndi nyengo yofanana, zokololazo ndizosiyana ndi aliyense. Chinsinsi chonse chimasungidwa mukamasamalira nkhaka, ndikofunikira kubzala molingana ndi malamulo.
Ngati mutsatira njira zoyenera zaulimi, pitani molingana ndi upangiri wokhudzana ndi mbewu zomwe zidakonzedweratu ndikuzisamalira moyenera, ndiye kuti kupeza zokolola zabwino ngakhale kuchokera ku mbewu sikungakhale kovuta kwa oyamba kumene.
Zofunikira pakukula nkhaka kutchire
Mwambiri, kusamalira chikhalidwe sikungatchulidwe kukhala kovuta, koma kutengera nyengo yazikhalidwe, pali mitundu yambiri yazomwe muyenera kudziwa.
Zofunikira zazikulu pakukula nkhaka ndi monga:
- kubzala amasankhidwa okha mbewu zathanzi, zophunzitsidwa;
- nthaka yobzala iyenera kukhala yotayirira komanso yopanda pang'ono;
- Kubzala mbewu ndi mbande kumachitika nthawi yokhazikika malinga ndi kayendedwe ka kutentha;
- nthawi yokula 3-4 kupalira ndi kumasula nthaka;
- mabedi amathiriridwa madzi otentha (10-14 malita pa 1 m2);
- feteleza ndi feteleza zimayambitsidwa molingana ndi ndandanda, mitengo yazakudya sichitha kusinthidwa;
- mabedi ayenera kupezeka mbali ya dzuwa, koma osalemba;
- Mukamabzala mbande, pewani kuuma;
- kuwongolera munthawi yake momwe zomera zimakhalira komanso kuchuluka kwa chinyezi;
- pakakhala mavuto, yesetsani kukonza chikhalidwe.
Njira zokulira
Pali zosankha zingapo pakulima malo obiriwira. Mwa njira zodziwika bwino kwambiri: kutchire, wowonjezera kutentha, pa khonde, mu mbiya, ndi zina zambiri.
Mukamabzala masamba pabedi lotseguka, njira yobzala ndi kubzala mbande imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Momwe mungamere mbewu m'munda
Ndikofunika kubzala mbewu nthawi zina kutentha, apo ayi mbande sizingawonekere. Mfundo yofunika ndi Kukonzekera nthaka ndi mbewu... Ubwino wa ntchito yomwe imagwiridwa imadalira osati momwe imere, komanso kukula kwa mmera.
Pambuyo popanga masamba 3-4, bedi lofupikiralo limachepetsa, kusiya mbande zolimba kwambiri. Pa gawo lakumera ndi kukula kwa mphukira, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa chinyezi chokwanira, kuwala kwabwino ndi umuna wokhala ndi michere iliyonsekuthandiza chomera kukula.
Mbande
Njira ya mmera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza kukolola koyambirira komanso pofuna kuteteza mphukira zazing'ono ku chisanu. Tizilombo tomwe timakula mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena kunyumba timasamutsidwa pabedi lam'munda, lomwe ndi lolimba kale. Mizu yawo, ngakhale ili yofooka, imazika mizu mwachangu m'malo atsopano.
Ndikofunika kuti musawononge muzu wosasunthika posamitsa mbande kudzenje.
Musanadzalemo zimamera panja ziyenera kusinthidwa mumsewu, kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo okhala ndi kutentha kumatha kuwawononga.
Zilondazo zikhoza kuikidwa pofalitsa ndi pa trellis. Kutengera njira yomwe yasankhidwa, mipata pakati pa tchire ndi mizere iyenera kuwonedwa. Pakakhala kuti palibe garter, payenera kukhala malo okwanira kuti zimayikidwe zizifalikira m'mundamo.
Kodi ndi bwino kuti kubzala nkhaka kuti mukolole bwino
Chikhalidwechi chimachokera ku India, chifukwa chake nyengo yotentha, yanyontho ndiyabwino. Kapangidwe ka chikwapu kakusonyeza kufunikira kwa garters pa trellises.
Bedi lam'mundali lomwe limakonzedwa motere limatetezedwa ku matenda a mafangasi ndi mvula yambiri komanso ku kutentha kwa dzuwa. Zipatso zimapeza mthunzi pansi pa masamba akulu a chomeracho. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti dzuwa lotentha ndilowopsa kwa nkhaka, kuwotcha kumatha kuwoneka pobiriwira.
Popeza nyengo, ndikofunikira kupereka mthunzi pang'ono wa tchire kapena mthunzi pang'ono. Izi ndizosavuta kubzala pobzala chimanga, mpendadzuwa kapena mphesa zotsalira m'mbali mwa kanjira. Kuwala komwe kumafalikira kudzapindulitsa chomeracho.
Ndi kukonda chinyezi konse, simuyenera kusankha malo kumalo otsetsereka nkhaka. Ndi mvula yambiri komanso madzi okwanira apansi panthaka, zomera zimaopsezedwa ndi matenda a fungus chifukwa chakuthira madzi. Bwino kwambiri ndi malo paphiri pomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuwongolera chinyezi cha dothi.
Kukonzekera malo oti mubzale
Ndi bwino kukonzekera malo amphesa wamkhaka pasadakhale kuti tipewe zodabwitsa zina.
Kumapeto kwa nyengo kuchokera kutsambali zotsalira zonse zazomera ndi zinyalala zimachotsedwa... Kwa mphutsi za tizirombo ndi tizilombo tina, zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri. M'malo oterewa, tiziromboti timabisala m'nyengo yachisanu ndipo pofika nthawi yachisanu amakwaniritsa kale mbadwo watsopano.
Pofuna kuthetsa izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera pa kuyeretsa onetsetsani kuti mukumba pansi (kumiza kuya osachepera 25 cm). Ndi bwino kuchita izi chisanachitike chisanu, kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisapeze pothawirapo. Komanso, ntchito yophukira ikuphatikizira kuyambitsidwa kwa feteleza kukulitsa chonde m'nthaka. Njirayi imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi kukumba.
M'dera lakumapeto anakumbanso ndipo kwenikweni amatetezedwa ndi mankhwala... Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito potaziyamu permanganate kapena madzi otentha.
Nkhaka zimayankha bwino mtundu uwu wa feteleza monga manyowa... Itha kuyambitsidwa nthawi yophukira komanso masika masabata 2-3 isanatsike (8-10 kg pa 1 m2). Pofuna kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mphukira zazing'ono, nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu-phosphorous zinthu (25 g wa mchere wa potaziyamu, 40 g wa superphosphate) zimayambitsidwa m'nthaka.
Pokonzekera nthaka ya nyengo yatsopano, kuti muteteze, m'pofunika kuthandizira bedi lamtsogolo ndi phulusa la nkhuni kapena kukonzekera kwapadera komwe kumateteza tchire ku tizirombo (Fitoverm, Aktellik).
Momwe mungabzalidwe m'nthaka
Kukula kobiriwira ndi mbewu kumafuna kutsatira malamulo awa:
- Nthawi yofesa imasankhidwa poganizira kutentha (kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni);
- mbewu ziyenera kukonzedwa musanadzalemo;
- nthaka iyenera kuthiridwa mankhwala ndi kuthira manyowa;
- mabedi amakhala bwino kuyambira kummawa mpaka kumadzulo;
- kakhazikitsidwe - 20x100 kapena 60x80 (kutengera njira yolima);
- Kuzama kwa mbewu ndi 2-3 cm.
Malamulo okula mmera:
- Mbewuyo iyenera kukonzekera (kusanja, kulowetsa, kuthira tizilombo);
- nthaka imafunikanso sungitsani mankhwala ndikudzipangitsa kukhala wathanzi;
- ndibwino kulima mbande kuti mugwiritse ntchito gawo la nthaka, mullein ndi humus (2: 1: 7);
- kuthira nthaka, zinthu zimayambitsidwa (30 g wa ammonium nitrate kapena urea, 20 g wa superphosphate, 6 g wa mchere wa potaziyamu, 30 g wa laimu pa chidebe cha dothi);
- kutentha kwapakati mutabzala - madigiri 12-15; mbande zitakhala ndi nthawi yokwera, poyamba kwa masiku angapo, madigiri 20-25 amawoneka, ndiye kutentha kumachepa - masana mpaka 20-22 madigiri, usiku mpaka madigiri 15;
- Patatha masiku 10 mbande zitamera, mbande zimadyetsedwa ndi slurry (1: 1) ndikuwonjezera 20 g ya superphosphate pachidebe chilichonse cha osakaniza;
- sabata limodzi kusamutsa mphukira kutsegula nthaka, amathera tsiku lililonse kuumitsa panja;
- chifukwa cha prophylaxis, mbande zimathandizidwa ndi epin kapena immunocytophyte.
Konzani chisamaliro cha mmera
Malamulo osamalira bedi la nkhaka ndi omveka bwino. Mwa zina zazikulu - kupanga malo achinyezi... Izi zimayendetsedwa ndi kuthirira.
Abwino kusamalira mmera kuthirira kapena kuthirira madzi... Kugwiritsa ntchito payipi kumatha kuwononga mizu yotayirira ndi ndege yolimba. Dera laling'ono limatha kutayika ndi botolo la utsi. Chikhalidwe cha madzi pa 1 m2 ndi 10-14 malita.
Njira zonse - Nthawi 1 m'masiku 7 ndi chinyezi cha mpweya, Nthawi 1 m'masiku 5 kutentha kuposa madigiri 28.
Kuthirira mabedi, ndimadzi otentha okha, okhazikika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira kumakhudza kukula kwa chomeracho.
Mphamvu ya chitukuko ndi kupanga chiwombankhanga chachikulu chimafuna zakudya zambiri, kotero ndizosatheka kunyalanyaza boma lodyetsa. Mphukira zoyamba zikawonekera pamwamba panthaka, kudyetsa koyamba: 10 g wa potaziyamu mchere, 10 g wa ammonium nitrate, 30 g wa superphosphate amatengedwa kwa malita 10 a madzi.
Yachiwiri kudya bedi la m'munda limalimbikitsidwa pakatha milungu iwiri, kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa feteleza wosungunuka. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza, kulumikizana pakati pa njira yogwirira ntchito ndi gawo lobiriwira la mbeu kuyenera kupewedwa.
Pofuna kuteteza nkhaka ku kuvunda ndi tizirombo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizichita nthawi ndi nthawi kupalira... Njirayi nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndikumasula, komwe kumapereka mpweya waulere m'nthaka ndikuletsa mapangidwe a chinyezi chokhazikika panthaka. Kupalira koyamba kumachitika pambuyo pakupanga masamba 4-5 pamphukira.
Nyengo yamasika nthawi zambiri imakhala yosayembekezereka, ndiye mutabzala m'munda yokutidwa ndi zojambulazo kapena agrofiber.
Kanemayo amayenera kuchotsedwa masana, ndipo pogona ayenera kubwezeretsedwanso usiku. Choncho mochedwa frosts sadzachititsa imfa ya mbande.
Kutengera ndi zomwe zaperekedwa, titha kunena kuti sizovuta kupanga nkhaka zabwino. Kupewa kwakanthawi kumathandiza kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mbeu ndi tizirombo ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Ndipo chifukwa cha zakudya zowonjezera komanso kuthirira, nkhaka zimapatsidwa kukoma kwambiri.