Mukamabzala tomato pamafakitale, ndikofunikira kuti mitunduyo ikhale yoyenera kukolola pamakina. Chimodzi mwa izi ndi Rio Grande. Mitundu ya phwetekere ili ndi zabwino zingapo zomwe zimayamikiridwanso pakati pa okhala mchilimwe komanso eni nyumba zanyumba.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a phwetekere la Rio Grande
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kufotokozera. Chomera cha mtundu wokhazikika wokhala ndi masamba a masiku 110-120 amadziwika ndi kukana kupsinjika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso konsekonse. Kutalika kwa tchire sikumangodutsa 70 cm, kotero ukadaulo waulimi sapereka garter. Phwetekere yaying'ono yokhala ndi masamba ochepa sayenera kutsina.
Nthawi yobala zipatso imapitilira nyengo yonse yotentha. Chipatso chokhala ngati kirimu panthawi yakucha kwaukadaulo chimayamba kulemera kwa 70 mpaka 150 magalamu... Mnofu wofiira wokongola uli ndi mawonekedwe owirira, zomwe zimapangitsa masamba kukhala oyenera kuyanika ndi kuyanika. Nthawi zambiri mbewuzo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga msuzi ndi ketchups. Kukoma kokoma ndi kowawa pang'ono kumayamikiridwa ndi akatswiri azophikira ochokera kumayiko ambiri padziko lapansi.
Zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito ya obereketsa achi Dutch. Mbewuyi idapangidwa kuti ilimidwe pamalo otseguka komanso obisalapo (m'malo obiriwira ndi malo obiriwira). Zokolola pa chitsamba chilichonse ndi 4.5-5.8 kg.
Ubwino ndi zovuta zamitundu yosiyanasiyana
Kuti mupange malingaliro okhudzana ndi Rio Grande, ndikofunikira kulingalira za mawonekedwe ake opindulitsa. Zina mwazikuluzikulu:
- chisamaliro chodzichepetsa (osafunikira garter ndi kutsina);
- kusintha moyenera kuzinthu zovuta zanyengo, nyengo yovuta;
- chitetezo chokwanira cholimbana ndi matenda a fungal ndi ma virus;
- kukoma kosangalatsa;
- kusinthasintha kwa zipatso;
- zipatso nthawi yonse yotentha;
- alumali yayitali ya moyo wa mbewu, kuyendetsa bwino.
Phwetekere ilibe zovuta zowonekera, ngakhale ena wamaluwa amawona juiciness wotsika. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zamkati, zomwe zimayamikirika pakupanga ketchup ndi sauces.
Makhalidwe okonzekera nthaka kubzala mbewu
Nthaka imasankhidwa ndi mawonekedwe owala, achonde (gawo lapansi lonse kapena chisakanizo cha nthaka ya sod ndi humus ndi yoyenera). Musanafese, dothi limatenthedwa mu uvuni kapena kuthiriridwa ndi yankho lochepa la potaziyamu permanganate yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mukamabzala mbewu panja, bedi lam'munda limakonzedwa kugwa, kukumba ndikuwonjezera humus. M'chaka, feteleza amchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemeretsa nthaka ndi zinthu zofunika kuzifufuza... Mabowo amapangidwa pansi pa njerezo pamtunda wa masentimita 40. M'mbali mwa kama, matabwa ochokera m'matabwa amaikidwa, mothandizidwa ndi kanemayo ngati pogona. Pambuyo popanga masamba awiri awiri, mbande zimabzalidwa m'mabowo osiyana.
Kodi mungasankhe bwanji mbewu zoyenera kubzala?
Tikulimbikitsidwa kugula mbewu m'masitolo apadera. Izi zimatsimikizira kukonza kwathunthu kwa zinthuzo, kukana matenda ndi tizirombo.
Sikoyenera kuchita mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikunyowetsa kunyumba kuti muthandize kukula.
Posankha mbewu, muyenera kudzidziwitsa nokha zomwe zalembedwazo, zomwe zikuwonetsa malamulo oyambira aukadaulo waulimi, tsiku lotha ntchito ndi malingaliro ena. Pambuyo pochotsa njerezo phukusi, nyemba zathanzi ndi zazikulu ziyenera kusankhidwa. Ngati zilonda zilizonse zapezeka, kutha kumachitika.
Kufesa malamulo
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mmera, kubzala kumakonzedwa koyambirira kapena mkatikati mwa Marichi (masiku 60 musanadzalemo mbande m'munda).
Pansi pa nthaka, gwiritsirani ntchito zotengera kapena mabokosi amitengo osachepera 10 cm.Makapu apulasitiki ndi miphika amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pansi pa beseni muyenera kukhala ndi mabowo otulutsira madzi kuti atulutse chinyezi chochulukirapo mukamwetsa.
Pamwamba panthaka, zopangira zazing'ono zimapangidwa ndi chala (osapitilira 2 cm) ndikutalika kwa masentimita 4-6. Mbeu ziwiri zimayikidwa mu phando lililonse. Kuchokera pamwamba iwo ali ndi peat wosanjikiza.
Kuti mupange nyengo yoyenera kubzala mbewu, muyenera kupopera mbewu ndi madzi ofunda (pang'ono), ndikuphimba chidebecho ndi galasi kapena kanema. Nthawi yotentha isanathe kumera iyenera kukhala 23-25 °. Mbande zikangowonekera, chidebecho chimayikidwa pamalo owala bwino, pogona kumachotsedwa, ndipo kutentha kumatsika mpaka 18-20 °. Kuti ziphukazo zisatambasulidwe kwambiri, ndibwino kutsitsa chizindikiritso chausiku mpaka 16 °.
Popanda kuwala kokwanira, mbande sizingakule bwino, chifukwa chake muyenera kuyatsa kuyatsa kowonjezera (nyali ya fulorosenti) pamwamba pa bedi losanjikizika.
Pambuyo popanga masamba awiri paziphukazo, mbandezo zimayenera kumizidwa m'madzi, ndiye kuti, ikani mizu iliyonse mu chidebe china. Pakadutsa masiku 7-10 kusamitsa mbande pabedi lam'munda, njira yolimbitsira imachitika kuti isinthidwe bwino m'malo atsopano.
Kuika panja
Kusamutsa mbande ku wowonjezera kutentha kumachitika kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka 10 Meyi. Mphukira zazing'ono zimabzalidwa panja kuyambira pa 20 Meyi mpaka pakati pa Juni. M'madera akumwera a dzikolo, kubzala molunjika pansi kumachitika.
Zomera zimawerengedwa kuti ndizomwe zimayambitsanso mtundu wa Rio Grande: zitsamba, nyemba, kabichi, letesi.
Tomato amabzalidwa m'mizere yokhala ndi masentimita 35-45 masentimita kapena njira yokhotakhota malingana ndi dongosolo la masentimita 40x50. Kuya kwa mabowo ndi masentimita 10 mpaka 15. Mphukira zosaposa 6 zimayikidwa pa 1 m2. Chisakanizo cha peat, phulusa la nkhuni ndi humus zimatsanuliridwira kumapeto, kenako mphukira imamizidwa.
Kusamalira pambuyo pobereka
Phwetekere ya Rio Grande ndiyosavuta kuyisamalira, ngakhale wolima dimba wosadziwa zambiri amatha kukula ndikupeza zokolola zambiri. Malamulo oyambira ukadaulo waulimi ali mgawo lotsatirali.
Kuthirira
Osadetsa nkhawa nthaka ikamamera tomato, izi zitha kupangitsa kukula kwa matenda a fungal. Ndikokwanira kuthirira kamodzi pa sabata mutabzala mbande. Nthawi zonse kumangowonjezeka ndi chilala. Mulingo wamadzi pachitsamba ndi osachepera 5 malita. Ndibwino kuti musadzaze masambawo panthawi yothirira kuti isasanduke chikasu.
Kupalira ndi kumasula
Tomato wa Rio Grande amakonda dothi lotayirira, chifukwa chake aeration imayenera kuchitika pafupipafupi (kamodzi pamasiku 10-15). Nthawi yomweyo ndikumasula, kupalira kumachitika, kuchotsa udzu. Kuzama kwa chida ndi osachepera 5-7 cm.
Odziwa ntchito zamaluwa amalangiza, itatha yoyamba kapena yachiwiri kupalira, kuti tipeze tchire kuti liwonjezere zokolola.
Zovala zapamwamba
Pambuyo pakuika mphukira pabedi lotseguka, feteleza wanthawi zonse amachitika:
- kwa nthawi yoyamba, dothi limadyetsedwa ndi yankho la mullein (1: 5) kapena ndowe za mbalame (1:15);
- chakudya chachiwiri chowonjezera chimayambitsidwa pakatha milungu iwiri (pachidebe cha madzi 25 g. ammonium nitrate, 15 g. mchere wa potaziyamu, 60 g. superphosphate ndi 1 g. boric acid);
- gawo lachitatu la chakudya limaphatikizidwa m'milungu ingapo (30 magalamu a nitrate, 70 magalamu a mchere wa potaziyamu, magalamu 40 a superphosphate amasungunuka m'madzi 10 malita).
Zakudya zowonjezerazi zimakhala ndi phulusa la nkhuni (kwa 10 malita a madzi 200 gr. Phulusa).
Mulching m'munda
Mukangobzala mbande, bedi lam'munda limasungunuka. Izi zidzakuthandizani kusunga chinyezi m'nthaka popanda kuthirira mobwerezabwereza komanso kuchepetsa kupalira.
Zolakwitsa zosamalira
Olima minda ambiri amapanga zolakwika zopanda pake muukadaulo waulimi zomwe zitha kusokoneza zokolola. Zina mwazikuluzikulu:
- kudyetsa feteleza kwambiri (makamaka feteleza wa nayitrogeni), zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukula kwakukulu kwa nsonga;
- kukulitsa kwa kama, kumapangitsa kukula kwa bowa;
- kudulira mphukira kuti apange chitsamba (zosiyanasiyana sizifunikira njira, chifukwa chodula nthambi, zokolola zimachepa);
- kubzala tomato pafupi ndi nandolo kapena mbatata (mbewu sizigwirizana).
Matenda ndi kupewa kwawo
Chitetezo champhamvu chimalola zosiyanasiyana kupirira matenda ndi tizirombo tambiri, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti kufunika kopewa kumatha. Ngati tikukamba za kulima wowonjezera kutentha, ndiye kuti ndizomveka kusinthanitsa nthaka chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa nyengo (wosanjikiza wa 25-30 cm umachotsedwa). Muyeneranso kupereka mpweya wabwino polima tomato.
Musanabzala, mabedi otseguka amathiriridwa ndi madzi otentha kapena yankho la potaziyamu permanganate yotsika kwambiri... Pambuyo pobzala, mbande zimachiritsidwa nthawi zonse ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, Fitosporin) kapena mankhwala azitsamba pofuna kupewa matenda a fungal kapena tizirombo.
Matenda otsatirawa ndi omwe amaopseza tomato kwambiri:
- choipitsa mochedwa;
- imvi ndi zoyera zowola;
- zithunzi kachilombo.
Bowa ndi kachilomboka nthawi zambiri zimakhudza zomera zofooka, chifukwa chake simuyenera kunyalanyaza ndandanda yakukhazikitsa feteleza, komanso kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa feteleza.
Zina mwa tizilombo toopsa ndi:
- chimbalangondo;
- Chikumbu cha Colorado;
- ziphuphu;
- nsabwe.
Pofuna kupewa, ndikofunikira kuchotsa mosamala zinyalala zamasamba pamabedi agwa. Mmenemo, mphutsi ndi akuluakulu a tizilombo amalekerera bwino kuzizira. Pamaso pa chisanu choyambirira, nthaka iyenera kukumbidwa kuti itsegule zisa za tizirombo... Izi zithetsa tiziromboti tambiri. M'chaka, m'mipata, ndi bwino kubzala mbewu zomwe zimathamangitsa tizilombo tambiri: marigolds, marigolds, oregano, ndi zina. Ngati kuli kotheka, isanachitike nyengo yamaluwa, chithandizo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo chiyenera kuchitidwa.
Mitundu ya Rio Grande ndiyosavuta kuyisamalira, imatha kusintha zina ndi zina, zomwe ndizothandiza muukadaulo waulimi. Mukayesetsa pang'ono, ndiye kuti chomeracho chithokoza mwini wake wachangu ndi zokolola zambiri.