Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka pachaka yolima mbewu zosiyanasiyana kumachepetsa nthaka ndipo kumachepetsa kwambiri chonde. Pali njira zambiri zobwezeretsera kusowa kwa michere mmenemo, kotchuka kwambiri ndikufesa manyowa obiriwira. Koma kubzala ndi liti komanso liti kuwaika m'manda, Kodi ndizotheka kubzala nthawi yachilimwe kapena ndibwino kudzabzala mchaka? Mayankho a mafunso awa pansipa mupeza.
Kodi siderates ndi chiyani?
Siderata ndi mbewu zomwe zimatha kubwezeretsanso nthaka, kuzipindulira ndi zinthu zofunikira, zomwe sizingakhale zomerazo.
Chodziwika bwino cha nazale ndikuti mu kanthawi kochepa ndizotheka kupeza feteleza wobiriwira wobiriwira, wokhala ndi zinthu zofunikira:
- nayitrogeni;
- calcium;
- nthaka;
- magnesium;
- chitsulo ndi ena ambiri. dr.
Kuphatikiza pakukula kwachonde, mbewu za manyowa zobiriwira zimathetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuthandizira kuchotsa mphutsi ndi tizirombo.
Matenda ndi majeremusi atapezeka m'munda wam'munda, ndizofunikira kukonzanso nthaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa obiriwira pazifukwa izi ndi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwakamatera
Mutha kuwunika phindu la mbewu zobiriwira zobiriwira potengera zinthu zofunikira:
- kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za nazale pochiritsa nthaka ndi njira yachilengedwe, yomwe imawonetsa chitetezo;
- Kubwezeretsa chonde ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe kameneka kumachitika miyezi ingapo (kusanachitike msipu wobiriwira);
- kupewa kukokoloka kwa mapangidwe;
- mawonekedwe a umuna ndiolandilidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'nthaka;
- Manyowa obiriwira amaletsa kukula kwa namsongole;
- mizu yolowa kwambiri ya mbeu imapangitsa dothi kumasuka, potero limakulitsa mpweya wake ndi chinyezi chololedwa;
- Manyowa obiriwira amakumbidwa pamalopo, palibe chifukwa chowatolera, kuwanyamula, kuwagawira pamunda;
- kulima nthaka ndi feteleza wobiriwira kumatsuka ku mabakiteriya owopsa, ma spores, mphutsi za tizirombo ndi majeremusi omwe.
Pokambirana za wamaluwa, palinso ndemanga zoyipa zakugwiritsa ntchito manyowa obiriwira. Mwachitsanzo, mukamabzala clover wokoma, kumera kwa mphukira kumachitika kwa zaka zingapo. Izi ndichifukwa choti chikhalidwechi chimakhala chosatha, chifukwa chake sizingatheke kuchotsa udzu mchaka chimodzi. Wina amaganiza zovulaza izi ndipo amasankha zitsamba zapachaka.
Pachifukwa ichi, pali malingaliro amodzi okha - musanafese, muyenera kudzidziwitsa nokha ndi manyowa obiriwira, kenako ndikupanga chisankho pakugwiritsa ntchito.
Zoyipa zake zikuphatikiza kusunga kwakanthawi kwamitundu yobiriwira.
Mukapirira mpaka mutapanga mbewu, simungapeze feteleza wabwino kwambiri.... Pakadali pano, zimayambira zimakhala zolimba. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti musaphonye chiyambi cha maluwa, pomwe chomeracho chimadzazidwa ndi micronutrients yokwanira ndikusunga mawonekedwe osakhwima a zimayambira ndi masamba.
Zosiyanasiyana za siderates ndi malamulo obzala
Mafuta a mafuta
Chikhalidwe ndi melliferous, chakudya, komanso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wobiriwira. Udzu umalemeretsa nthaka ndi humus ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Kukhalapo kwa mafuta ofunikirako kumapereka chiwopsezo ku tizirombo ndi matenda a mafangasi. Mafuta a radish amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi mbozi ndi nematode.
Kubzala manyowa obiriwira kumakonzedwa kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira. Palibe chosowa chapadera cha dothi, koma chikhalidwe sichimagwira bwino malo okhala ndi acidic.
Muyenera kudula masamba kuti mugwiritse ntchito ngati feteleza kwamasabata 5-7 a nyengo yokula. Kuyeretsa kwadzinja kuyenera kumalizidwa pakadutsa milungu iwiri nthaka isanaundane. Ndi bwino kutseka pansi ndi fosholo kapena wolima.
Rye wapachaka
Chimodzi mwazomera zodziwika bwino zanyumba yachilimwe ndi rye. Chikhalidwe ndichodzichepetsa pamtundu wa nthaka, chimapirira nyengo yowuma. Njira zosavuta zaulimi zimathandizidwa ndi manyowa othandiza:
- kuyatsa dothi lolimba;
- kupondereza namsongole;
- kumabwezera mmbuyo fungal spores, kumathandiza kuchotsa nematode;
- kumawonjezera chonde m'nthaka.
Kubzala kwakonzedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka 20 Seputembara. Unyinji wobiriwira umakula msanga, ndikupanga tchire lolimba. Msinkhu wobiriwira ukafika pa 15-20 cm, gawo lakumtunda limadulidwa ndikulowetsedwa pansi.
Phacelia nthaka yabwino
Phacelia sanangokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, komanso amatha kupeputsa dothi lolemera, kuwalemeretsa ndi zinthu zina zofunikira. Mbali ya chomeracho imawerengedwa kuti ikugwirizana bwino ndi pafupifupi mbewu zonse zam'munda, chifukwa chake, mutadula masambawo mutha kubzala chilichonse.
Ntchito yofesa imachitika mchaka kapena kukolola (mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti). Alimi ena amabzala phacelia nyengo yachisanu isanafike. Nthaka yamtundu uliwonse ndioyenera kulima manyowa obiriwira, maluwa amakula ngakhale pamtunda komanso opanda michere yokwanira.
Makhalidwe a chomera:
- kumawonjezera chonde m'nthaka;
- kumathandiza mapangidwe kukokoloka kwa nthaka;
- amathamangitsa tizirombo;
- imatsuka chilengedwe kuchokera ku mabakiteriya owopsa ndi spores.
Dulani udzu musanafike maluwa. Ngati kufesa kumachitika nthawi yachisanu isanafike (kumapeto kwa Okutobala - Novembala), sikufunika kutchetcha.
Zima ndi masika kugwiriridwa ngati manyowa obiriwira
Zina mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zakugwiriridwa ndi kuthekera kupondereza namsongole, kukonza nthaka, kudzaza ndi zinthu zofunikira.
Ndikofunika kuti mubzale kasupe kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo. Kudulidwa kumapangidwa pambuyo pa masiku 35-45. Kugwiriridwa m'nyengo yachisanu kumabzalidwa kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Gawo lapamtunda liyenera kudulidwa lisanatuluke maluwa.
Mukamabzala ndi kaloti mu mbewu yamasamba, kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola ndi mtundu wazitsamba zimadziwika.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mpiru masika ndi nthawi yophukira
Siderat amalimbana bwino ndi kuyeretsa nthaka ku nkhanambo, choipitsa mochedwa, mwendo wakuda ndi matenda ena. Chifukwa cha mafuta ofunikira, chomeracho chimathamangitsa tizirombo (nematode, wireworm, etc.). Mbeu ya mpiru imamera pafupifupi dothi lililonse, ndikupanga msangamsanga wobiriwira.
Pambuyo pomiza, nthaka imapindula ndi phosphorous, potaziyamu, sulfure ndi ma microelements ena. Mutha kubzala mbewu m'mabedi nthawi iliyonse. Ndikofunika kudula koyambirira kwa maluwa mpaka nyembazo zipangidwe ndikuzilima nthawi yomweyo.
Oats m'nyengo yozizira m'munda
Chikhalidwe chimakonza dongosolo la nthaka, limalimbitsa ndi michere, chimalepheretsa kukula kwa namsongole. Kutentha kozizira kumalola kufesa kuyambira Marichi mpaka Novembala. Zmisa ya spruce imakula pafupifupi masabata 5-7, pambuyo pake imadulidwa ndikuyika pansi.
Mukakulira nyengo yachisanu isanafike, sikukumba kukumba.
Kuti tiwonjezere mphamvu ya umuna, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mbewu limodzi ndi manyowa ena obiriwira, mwachitsanzo vetch.
Nthawi yobzala lupine
Chikhalidwe ndi cha banja la legume; lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati manyowa obiriwira kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ndizothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chomeracho panthaka yolimba.
Lupine amawapangitsa kukhala otayirira, olemera ndi potaziyamu, nayitrogeni ndi zakudya zina. Pambuyo poyambitsa feteleza wobiriwira, ndibwino kudzala kabichi, nkhaka, tsabola, tomato, mbatata. Kudzazidwa kwamtundu wobiriwira kumachitika pofika miyezi 1.5. Mbali ya lupine ndimatha kuchepetsa chilengedwe cha acidic m'nthaka.
Zima tirigu mu Okutobala
Kudzala tirigu m'nyengo yozizira mdziko muno kumawerengedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera nthaka. Mizu yake yamphamvu imakhala ndi dothi lolimba, masamba obiriwira amakhathamira ndi nayitrogeni, calcium ndi zakudya zina. Chifukwa chouma nthaka, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala tirigu kuphatikiza manyowa ena obiriwira.
Kufesa kwakonzekera kugwa. M'chaka, musanadzalemo mbewu zazikulu (masabata 2-4), malowo ayenera kukumba.
Kuyerekeza tebulo la manyowa obiriwira ndi masiku obzala
Kuyerekeza kuyerekeza kwa manyowa obiriwira | ||||||
Dzina | ubwino | Zovuta | Kusunga nthawi kutera | Chiwembu kufesa | Kukonzekera kuti kudula | Zachizolowezi mbewu (gr.) kuyatsa yokhotakhota |
Mpiru | amachepetsa kutayikira kwa mchere, kumasula nthaka, uchi wabwino kwambiri, kutulutsa phosphates osungunuka | sungabzalidwe musanadzalemo mtanda, mbeu za mbeu zimakopa mbalame | Marichi-Ogasiti | mizere, kutalika kwa nyemba 3 cm, kutalikirana kwa mizere - 20 cm | Miyezi 1.5 | 300-400 |
Lupine | imalowa mkati mwa nthaka, imamasula, imachepetsa acidity | Amakula bwino panthaka yopanda ndale komanso yamchere, amakonda kumasuka | Epulo | mizere, mipata 20 cm, kubzala kuya masentimita 2-4 | Miyezi 1.5 | 300 |
Zima tirigu | amachotsa bwino namsongole, amapindulitsa nthaka ndi michere | osagwiritsidwa ntchito musanafese mbewu monga chimanga, amakopeka ndi mbozi | Ogasiti-Okutobala | mosintha, kubzala kuya 3-4 cm | kutalika kwa greenery 15-20 cm | 2000 |
Oats | imamasula nthaka, imalemeretsa nayitrogeni, calcium, imakula m'malo aliwonse, yogwirizana bwino ndi mbewu zambiri zam'munda | kuchuluka kocheperako kobiriwira, kofuna kuthirira, kusalolera kutentha | kumayambiriro kwa masika | m'mizere kapena obalalika, kumiza kuya kwa 2-3 cm | Miyezi 1-1.5 | 1500-2000 |
Kugwirira (nthawi yozizira / masika) | amachotsa namsongole, amasintha nthaka, amakula msanga | amadulidwa ali ndi zaka zosapitirira masabata asanu ndi awiri, motero amadzipangira okha poizoni akamakula | Marichi-Ogasiti | mwachisawawa, kuya kwa kumiza m'nthaka 3-4 cm | Miyezi 1-1.5 | 200 |
Phacelia | Chomera chabwino cha uchi, kupondereza nematode, kulemeretsa ndi nayitrogeni, kumalepheretsa kukula kwa udzu | kukwera mtengo kwa mbewu | Marichi-Ogasiti | mizere, kuzama kuya 2-4 cm | Miyezi 1-1.5 | 120 |
Mafuta a mafuta | imalepheretsa kukula kwa namsongole, kuyeretsa nthaka ku matenda, nematode, kumawongolera kapangidwe kake | nayitrogeni wochepa mu biomass, sangabzalidwe musanadzale kabichi | Epulo-Ogasiti | Bzalani m'mizere, kubzala kuya masentimita 3-4, mtunda wa mzere - 15 cm | 1.5-2 miyezi | 200 |
Rye | Kupondereza namsongole, kumapangitsa nthaka kukhala bwino, kupondereza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | chomeracho chimakonda chinyezi, chifukwa chake chimachikoka kwambiri, ndi bwino kubzala kumadera komwe kulibe vuto la mvula | kuyambira Ogasiti 25 mpaka Seputembara 20 | mosintha kapena m'mizere, kubzala kuya 3 cm | pambuyo pokhazikitsa mtundu wobiriwira | 2500 |
Posankha manyowa obiriwira kumunda wamasamba, ndikofunikira kulingalira momwe zingakhudzire mbewu zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zibzalidwe panthaka yathanzi.