Pafupifupi munda uliwonse wamasamba umabzala tsabola pamodzi ndi mbewu zina zamasamba zotchuka. Ngakhale zipatso zili ndi zipatso zambiri, pamakhala chiopsezo chotsika kapena kutaya zokolola chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena matenda. Mutha kupewa vuto ndi chidziwitso chomwe chingakuthandizeni kuzindikira zoyamba za matenda. Munkhaniyi, tiwona chifukwa chake masamba a tsabola akhoza kugwa, ndani ali ndi mlandu pazomwezi komanso zomwe zingachitike komanso momwe angathetsere mliriwu.
Matenda akulu a tsabola wa belu ndi chithandizo chake kunyumba komanso wowonjezera kutentha
Pakukula tsabola, chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa ku njira zodzitetezera. Kusamalira pafupipafupi tchire ndikofunikira kuti tizirombo kapena matenda azidziwika munthawi yake. Zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa zimatha kufa kwa masabata 1-2 ngati chifukwa chake sichinazindikiridwe munthawi yake ndipo chithandizo sichinachitike... Mitengo yambiri yobiriwira komanso chinyezi zimapangitsa zinthu kukhala zabwino kuti pakhale matenda osiyanasiyana kapena tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Olima minda amaika nkhani ya tizilombo ndi matenda ku tsabola m'malo achiwiri pambuyo povutikira mbande. Chifukwa chake, simuyenera kunyalanyaza zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kapena zipatso!
Blackleg
Matendawa amayamba makamaka pakukula kwa mphukira, chifukwa chake, ndizowopsa kwa mbande ndi mbewu zachikulire zomwe zimakula m'malo owonjezera kutentha.
Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe amapitilira mbewu, nthaka ndi zotsalira za mbewu. Kubzala kothina kwambiri kwa mbande ndi kuwuka kopanda tanthauzo, komwe kumawonekera nthawi zambiri m'malo obiriwira, kumatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale mwendo wakuda.
Zizindikiro zodziwika ndi matenda a mafangasi:
- kusintha kwa gawo lakumunsi la tsinde kukhala kofiirira;
- kuvunda mdima;
- kuyanika kunja kwa chitsamba chonse.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira za mwendo wakuda zikapezeka, malangizo otsatirawa ayenera kutsatira:
- kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko cha matendawa, m'pofunika kuthirira mabedi ndi njira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate;
- kumasula nthaka kuzungulira tchire;
- spud khosi la muzu wa tsabola;
- ngati nthaka ili yonyowa kwambiri, perekani mabedi ndi mchenga wa mtsinje (phulusa, mpweya wotsegulidwa);
- ngati matendawa akhudza mbande, muyenera kutsegula mpweya m'chipindacho, kuchepetsa kuthirira.
Ngati mwendo wakuda wawononga mbande zonse, ndiye kuti simungagwiritsenso ntchito nthaka kuti imere mbande zatsopano. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhalamo, choncho mbewu zimafa pakapita nthawi.
Kuvunda imvi
Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha kukula kwa fungus Botrytis cinerea. Chikhalidwe chake ndi mapangidwe amdontho wofiirira m'munsi mwa tsinde, mdera loyanjana ndi nthaka. Pakangotha kanthawi kochepa, chovala chakuda chimapezeka m'deralo. Gawo logwira ntchito la kukula kwa matenda a fungal limachitika mukamakhala chinyezi chambiri kuphatikiza kutentha kwa mpweya kuposa 20 ° C.
Ngati pakuwunika koyambirira kwa zizindikiro za matendawa zawululidwa, m'pofunika kuchiza mabediwo ndi mankhwala:
- Fundazol;
- Acrobat Ordan;
- Kuthamanga;
- Previkur kapena ena.
Zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa zimayenera kuchotsedwa m'minda kapena kuziika m'chibekete china.
Kufulumira kwa mabakiteriya
Mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi mphezi amalowa mu mitsempha ya tsinde, potero amaletsa kuyenda kwa michere. Kuphatikiza pa njala, chomeracho chili ndi poizoni ndi zinthu zapoizoni zotulutsidwa ndi mabakiteriya, zomwe zimabweretsa kufa kwachangu kwachikhalidwe. Chizindikiro cha matendawa ndi mawanga achikasu pamasamba, kuwonetsa kuwuma kwa chomeracho, komanso chinthu choyera chomwe chimatulutsidwa tsinde likadulidwa.
Ngati zizindikiro zakumera zapezeka, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchotsa chomeracho m'munda. Tengani tchire zotsalazo ndikukonzekera mwapadera komwe kumakhala ndi mkuwa.
Choipitsa cham'mbuyo
Amatanthauza matenda a mafangasi (fungus Phytophthora infestans) omwe amatha kuwononga tsabola. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, pali zizindikilo zofanana ndi mwendo wakuda. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri, mawanga ofiira afalikira pachomera chonsecho, kuphatikizapo zipatso. M'nyengo youma, masamba amafota mwachangu ndikufota. Njira zowola zimawonjezeka pachinyezi chambiri, chifukwa chake simuyenera kuzengereza pokonza.
Zizindikiro zoyamba zikapezeka, m'pofunika kukonza mabedi nthawi yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera:
- Gamair (yothirira - piritsi limodzi la 5 malita a madzi, kupopera mbewu - mapiritsi awiri a madzi okwanira 1 litre);
- Alirin-B (wothirira - mapiritsi awiri pa chidebe chamadzi, kupopera - mapiritsi awiri pa lita imodzi ya madzi);
- Ridomil Gold (yopopera mankhwala magalamu 10 a mankhwala kwa malita 2 a madzi);
- Fitosporin-M (yopopera 10 magalamu a ufa pa 5 malita a madzi).
M'minda ikuluikulu ndizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri: Bravo, Quadris.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa tsabola ndi cladosporium: ndichifukwa chiyani zimachitika komanso momwe mungapopera?
Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha kukula kwa bowa Fulvia fulva, nthawi zambiri imakhudza zomera zomwe zimakulira kutentha kwambiri. Malo owonera brown amasamutsidwa ndi ma spores omwe amafika panthaka, zida zam'munda, zovala, malo owonjezera kutentha.
Zizindikiro za cladosporium:
- mawanga ofiira anaonekera kunja kwa masamba;
- pachimake pamatuluka masamba ofiira otulutsa velvety;
- Kuwonongeka kwa tsinde ndi zipatso.
Zizindikiro zoyamba zikapezeka, mankhwala ayenera kuyamba nthawi yomweyo:
- kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuthirira mabedi;
- kuonetsetsa mpweya wabwino wa wowonjezera kutentha;
- sungani zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ndikukonzekera mwapadera (Zaslon, Barrier).
Fusarium ndi sclerocinia pamasamba a mbande
Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha bowa (Fusarium), womwe umakhudza zotengera za tsinde. Chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa timadontho mu tsinde, kupezeka kwa michere ndi chinyezi kutsekedwa, chomeracho chimayamba kufa ndi poyizoni ndi poizoni. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi (m'mlengalenga ndi m'nthaka) kumatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa matenda am'fungulo.
Mu mbewu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi fusarium, zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zimawoneka pakadutsa masamba.
Zizindikiro za matendawa:
- masamba pa tsabola amayamba kupiringa, kufota;
- ngakhale ndi chisamaliro chabwino, amadyera amasanduka achikasu;
- tsinde pa gawo la mizu limakhala lofiirira;
- kukula kwa kuvunda pamizu, zipatso.
Popeza fusarium ndi matenda osachiritsika, kupewa kumathandizira pakulima tsabola.
Njira zodzitetezera kunyumba kuchokera ku fusarium:
- musanafese mbewu, m'pofunika kuti muzitsatira ndi Fundazol (100 ml ya mankhwala pa 10 g ya mbewu);
- nthawi zonse kuthirira nthaka ndi njira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate;
- mukakolola mabedi, sankhani mosamala zotsalira za mbewu.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira za fusarium zikupezeka, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzisamalira mabedi ndi Fundazol kapena Topsin-M (0.2%). Mankhwalawa sangathe kuthana ndi matendawa, amangoyimitsa chitukuko.
Matenda akuda bakiteriya malo
Kuyambira pomwe mbande zimatulukira pamwamba panthaka, chomeracho chitha kuwononga bakiteriya wakuda. Chizindikiro cha matendawa ndi mawanga akuda omwe amafalikira tsinde ndi masamba. Malire achikaso amawoneka pamalire ndi gawo lobiriwira.
Prophylaxis ndiyokhazikika, kuphatikiza kusankha koyenera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso njira yotetezera nthaka ndi nyemba. Sizingatheke kuti padzakhala zotheka kupulumutsa chomeracho, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuchotsa tchire lomwe lili ndi matenda nthawi yomweyo kuti muteteze kufalikira kwa matendawa. Malo ochotsera ayenera kuthiridwa mankhwala.
Khansa ya bakiteriya ya tsabola ndi njira zothetsera vutoli
Matendawa ndi a bakiteriya, chitukuko chimalimbikitsidwa ndi chinyezi komanso nyengo yofunda, komanso kukhuthala kwa kama. Chikhalidwe china chimawerengedwa kuti ndi madontho amdima (madontho) omwe amafalikira pa chomeracho, chomwe chimaphatikizana, ndikupanga kutumphuka kwakukulu. KUCHOKERAPakati pa mawanga pali mtundu wowala, womwe umathandizira kudziwa kuti matendawa ndi ati. Mabowo ang'onoang'ono amatha kuwonekera.
Ngati zizindikiro zapezeka, m'pofunika kupopera chikhalidwe ndi mkuwa sulphate kapena kukonzekera komwe kuli ndi mkuwa. Tchire lomwe lakhudzidwa liyenera kuchotsedwa m'munda.
Kulimbana ndi zithunzi za fodya
Zithunzi za fodya ndimatenda omwe amadziwika ndi kulowa kwa kachilomboka m'maselo ndikuwononga kwa chlorophyll. Chifukwa cha kufa kwa maselo, miyala ya marble imapangidwa pamwamba pa tsamba, lomwe limakhala ndi beige ndi emerald inclusions.
Kuteteza nthaka ndi mbande musanadzalemo, komanso kusankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kungathandize kupewa matenda.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhalabe pansi kwa zaka 5, choncho m'pofunika kuchotsa zinyalala zamasamba kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Tizilombo toyambitsa tsabola ndi momwe tingachitire nawo
Kuphatikiza pa matenda, tizirombo tikhozanso kuwononga mbewu. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimaonedwa kuti ndi zoopsa kwambiri. Kudya madzi a tsabola, amatha kuwononga tchire m'masiku ochepa, pomwe masamba ndi maluwa zimayamba kugwa. Imafalikira mwachangu pabedi, chifukwa chake simuyenera kuzengereza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuti yankho logwirira ntchito lopangidwa kuchokera ku Karbofos kapena Keltan likhalebe pamasamba motalikirapo, muyenera kuwonjezerapo ndi sopo wotsuka wochapa.
Kangaudeyu amachititsa mavuto ambiri kwa wamaluwa. Ili pansi pamasamba, imayamwa madziwo kuchokera kutsabola. Pambuyo pa kupezeka kwa tiziromboti, muyenera kuchiza mabedi ndi kulowetsedwa komwe kumakonzedwa kuchokera ku kapu ya anyezi wodulidwa (adyo), masamba a dandelion ndi 1 tbsp. l. sopo. Zosakaniza zonse mutatha kuwonjezera chidebe chamadzi zimalowetsedwa kwa maola angapo.
Mwa tizirombo tina tatsabola, slugs ndi amaliseche. Amawononga masamba ndi zipatso, chifukwa chake kuwola kumayambira. Mutha kuzichotsa mwakupopera mbewu ndi Strela (50 magalamu a ufa pa chidebe chamadzi).
Mabowo owululidwa pamasamba akuwonetsa kuwukira kwa kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mphutsi zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, choncho nkofunika kuti tisataye nthawi ndi kusonkhanitsa tizilombo tchire. Mukatha kusonkhanitsa, perekani tsabola ndi Commander (1 ml pa chidebe chamadzi).
Chimbalangondo chimakondanso kudya masamba. Polimbana nawo, makonzedwe amisampha ndi kupopera fungo la palafini m'malo omwe amadzipezera amathandizira.
Processing tsabola ku tizirombo ndi matenda ndi mankhwala wowerengeka kunyumba
Mutha kupewa mavuto mukamabzala tsabola ngati mutsatira malamulo oyendetsera nyumba.
- Posankha mbewu kapena mbande, amakonda kusankha mitundu yomwe imagonjetsedwa ndi matenda.
- Ndibwino kuti musunge mbewu pamalo opuma mpweya wabwino.
- Musanabzala, kulima nthaka kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti ziwononge tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana.
- Musanabzala, nyembazo zimathiridwa mu yankho la mkuwa sulphate, yofooka yankho la potaziyamu permanganate kapena kukonzekera kwapadera.
- Tsiku lililonse muyenera kuyendera mabedi kuti muzindikire koyambirira. Ngati ndi kotheka, perekani kapena kuthandizira zomera pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosankhidwa ndi anthu.
- Mbande ziyenera kubzalidwa polemekeza patali kuti zisakule.
- Mukamathirira, yang'anirani chinyezi cha nthaka. Chinyezi chochuluka chimayambitsa kukula kwa matenda a fungal.
Pokhala ndi chidziwitso, ndikosavuta kwa wamaluwa kuteteza mbewu ku tizirombo ndi matenda. Mmodzi amangoyang'anira kusasinthika kwachikhalidwe. Ndipo tchire lathanzi limakula ngakhale pazenera la nyumbayo.